Chii chinonzi Bretton Woods System?
Chii chakaitwa naBretton Woods Kuti Chibudirire?
Chinangwa che musangano weBretton Woods chakanga chiri kugadzira hurongwa hutsva hwemitemo, mitemo, uye maitiro ehupfumi hukuru hwepasi kuti huve nechokwadi chekugadzikana kwehupfumi.
Kuti aite izvi, Bretton Woods akasimbisa International Monetary Fund (IMF) uye World Bank.
Chinangwa chikuru cheMMF chaiva cheku
- kubatana kwenyika yose kubatana kwemari,
- kubudirira mukugadzikana kwezvemari,
- kuita shanduro dzepasi rose,
- kuderedza kusakosha kwebasa uye urombo
- kukurudzira kusagadzikana kwehupfumi.
Bhenyika Yenyika ine mishinari yakafanana, kuisa pfungwa dzayo pairi
- kubvisa urombo hwakaipisisa uye
- kukurudzira nzira dzekugovana kubudirira
Bretton Woods uye Gold Standard
Bretton Woods zvakare yakagadzira US Dollar seyo nyika yekuchengetedza mari. Kubvira muna 1944 kusvika muna191, mari yose yepasi rose yakanyanyisa kudhora, asi dhora rayo rakanga rakanyongedzwa negoridhe, ukama hwakakurumbira hunozivikanwa se "Gold Standard."
Arymed by the outs of gold from the US, however, Richard Nixon akasiya Gold Standard muna 1971. Kubvira gore iroro zvichienda mberi, mari yepasi rose yakange ichikwira, pasina mari imwe chete yakakosha-chiitiko chakatungamirira pakugadzwa yekutengeserana kwemisika: forex.
Bretton Woods Akabudirira Mukuzadzisa Zvinangwa Zvayo Here?
Nenzira imwe chete yakajeka, haina pakupedzisira: kubva pakusiyiwa kwehutano hwegoridhe, mari yese yenyika inotenderera kune imwe neimwe - mamiriro ezvinhu haasati akachengetedzeka kupfuura kutanga kwe US Dollar kubvira muna 1944 kusvikira muna 1971.
Kunze kwekuregererwa kwekugadzwa kwetsika yegoridhe yakatangwa yeBretton Woods, hapana mhinduro yakajeka yemubvunzo.
Izvo zviviri Bhizinyika Rwenyika uye IMF iripo nhasi - iyo pachayo kubudirira kunobudirira munyika isina kukwana - asi ivo vakanyanya kutsoropodzwa.
Izvi zvinoshorwa zvinopoteredza nzira uye nzira dzakatorwa nedzimwe sangano. Chinangwa chakagoverwa che IMF neWorld Bank chinogona kuonekwa sekubatsira nyika kuderera kwepasi uye kuderedza kusiyana kwehupfumi nehurombo panyika yose. Vashomanana vatauriri vanopesana nezvinangwa izvi. Asi masangano ose ave achipomerwa nekushanda munzira dzisingangoiti kuti zviitike izvi, asi izvo zvinowedzera mamiriro ehupfumi avo vanotsvaga vavariro yekuvandudza. Sangano reNyika, semuenzaniso, rawanzobatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu kune zvikwereti zvakaendeswa kune dzimwe nyika dzinoshaiwa zvakanyanya zvekubatsira kwezvemari izvo vatsoropodzi varo vanochengetedza vakawedzera kushaiwa kwehupfumi uye kuparadzwa kwehupfumi hwenyika. Mitemo yezvoupfumi (uye zvinodhura zvikwereti) zvakapiwa nemasangano maviri kazhinji zvinowanzoonekwa sekusava nehanya nemamiriro evanhu vematambudziko emagariro evanhu uye emari. Ukama pakati pe IMF neWorld Bank uye Greece ndiyo imwe muenzaniso inowanzotaurwa nevanotsoropodza masangano. Pasinei nokuti IMF uye World Bank chaizvoizvo zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwehurombo hwechiGiriki munguva inotanga muna 2008, hapana mubvunzo kuti sezvo muna 2016, mamiriro ehupfumi muGreece haana kuvandudzwa.
Pakave nekugadziriswa kwebhengi uye kusakwanisa kwebhizimisi uye kusina basa kusati kwambovapo.
Hapana mubvunzo kuti mamwe ekutsoropodza akakodzera. Kupfuura izvozvo, zvisinei, ndezveimwe nyaya yakakura: ndeyekudzivirira mutsika kune nyika dzakapfuma munyika yose kutora kodzero yekugadzirisa nyaya dzenyika maduku kuburikidza nekudzivisa zvakajeka kuzvigadzirisa kwehupfumi hwavo? Uyu mubvunzo unotenderera kumusoro kwevamwe vose paunongorora migumisiro yezvibvumirano zveBritton Woods uye masangano ayo akavhurwa.