Prelude kuMutemo Wekugadzirisa Kwezvino
Kuwedzera kwekuchengetedza kwemamiriro ezvinhu muUnited States neEurope kwakagadziriswa nedambudziko sezvo avo vezvematongerwo enyika vakaedza kugadzira mitemo nemirairo yebhangi uye vatori vechikwata kuti vadzivise ngozi inowanikwa mune zvehupfumi. Dambudziko rakakomba ndiro dambudziko rekuputsika kwemari yose yezvemari kana yemusika panzvimbo yekukundikana kwesangano rimwe chete, boka kana chikamu chehurongwa. Kutevera dzimba neEuropean madokwana madambudziko ematongerwo enyika, vezvematongerwo enyika uye vatongi vanogadzirisa kugadzirisa dambudziko re-guru-kusvika-rakakundikana. Vakawanda vanopikisa mabhengi nedzimwe sangano rezvemari zvakabatana zvave zvakakura zvikuru, kana zvikamu zvakakosha zvehurongwa hwemari kuti kukanganisa kwavo kwaizoita kuti hurumende ishande muU.S. uye hupfumi hwepasi rese. Mukufamba kwezviitiko zvegore ra2008, hurumende yeUnited States nedzimwe nyika dzakapoteredza nyika dzakabvisa mamwe masangano anotungamirira pasi rose.
PURP kana chirongwa chekushungurudzika kwezvinhu chinotambudza chaiva chinangwa chehurumende yeUnited States chakashandisa mari dzinosvika $ 700 mabhiriyoni kuti dzibatsire mabhengi nedzimwe nzvimbo. Hurumende yakagadzira mutemo uyu kubvumira Mari yeUnited States kutenga chikwereti chakasvibisa kana kuti 'zvinhu zvinotambudza' kuti zvirege kukwanisa kubhadhara mari.
TARP yakagadzirisa kwenguva pfupi yakaguma muna 2014 apo Treasury yakatengesa yekupedzisira kwekutenga kwayo chikwereti.
Dodd-Frank
Mutungamiri Barrack Obama akasaina Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform uye Consumer Protection Act mumutemo muna 2010. Mutemo wakaguma nekugadzirisa zvizere zvemamiriro ekutonga muUnited States uye yakawedzera mitemo nemitemo mitsva yemakethe yemari uye zvekutengesa nevatori vechikamu . Basa rekuraira kwaiva kupedzisa zvakare-guru-ku-kukundikana nekuisa mari yekuchengetedza mari uye kugadziriswa kwemasimba kune masangano. Mutemo wacho wakawedzerwa zvinodikanwa zvekubika uye kushungurudzika kuongororwa kwemashizha mapeji mune chido chekuwedzera kwemashamba. Uyezve, mutemo wakarongedza kuchengetedza vatengi kubva pamitambo yekushungurudza mari. Vatsigiri veMutemo vanoti hurumende inofanira kutarisa nekudzivirira masangano emari kuitira kudzivirira matambudziko emari. Mutemo wakaparadzira kutungamirirwa kwemashamba nemasangano ehurumende aripo se Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) uye Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) uye yakagadzira mamwe masangano matsva kuti atonge masoko.
Vapikisi vemutemo vanotaura kuti Mutemo unongogadzira webhu yehutoriki uye kuti kana sangano rezvemari richizviisa mukutambudzika hurumende inofanira kurega kuti irege kukanganisa.
Vakawanda vanotenda kuti Dodd-Frank Act yakagadzira nzvimbo inoshungurudza vanhu iri kuedza kubatsira sezvo kuwedzerwa kutarisirwa, kudiwa kwekubika uye kukwanisa kutarisana kwebhangi kwakavhara zvikwereti zviito.
Bhangi muHuwandu hweMabhizimisi
Iyi nguva itsva yemitemo mushure megore ra2008 yakave nemigumisiro yakananga pane zvebhizimisi zvezvinhu. Chokutanga, zvigadzirwa zve swaps kana kutengeserana kwezvemari kunoshandiswa kwekutsinhanisa kwekugadziriswa kwemutengo wekugadzirisa mari pakati pevamwe vaviri vanofanira iye zvino kupfuura nesangano rekuchenesa saiyo inoshanda mumashamba emangwana. Masapu aya anobva kuitengeserana nemaitiro pakati pemapoka maviri, mutengi, uye mutengesi, mune-over-the-counter market apo umwe neumwe wekushandura anotora pangozi yeimwe kushanda. Zvisinei, pasi peDodd-Frank Act, swaps yakauya pasi pehutongi hweCFTC, mutungamiri wehurumende iyo ndiyo nhepfenyuro yekushamwaridzana kweAmerica mune ramangwana seCME uye ICE .
Mutemo unodawo kuti kuwedzerwa kunyoresa zvido mumatongerwo emangwana pamwe chete nemiganhu mitsva mukuda kwekuwedzera misika yekushambadzira nekuderedza kusangana kwematambudziko.
Nekubviswa kweGoo-Steagall muna 1999 iyo yakaparadzanisa zvekutengeserana nekuita mabhizimisi mabasa, mabanki akawanda muUnited States akabatanidzwa zvakananga mune zvebhizimusi zvemari. Sezvo mabhenji akawedzera mabasa avo ekukweretesa kune zvinhu zvitsva, vazhinji vakatora matanho ekutengesa kwezvinhu uye zvivakoti. Mabhangi uye masangano emari akazova vadzidzisi kana kuenzaniswa kwevamwe mumapipi emagetsi, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekugadzirisa uye zvivako zvekuchengetedza uye zvimwe zvikamu zvezvinhu zvinowanikwa mubhizinesi. Uyezve, masangano ezvemari akaisa mabhizimisi madhireki kuti ashandise vatengi vane zvigadzirwa zvemuviri uye zvigadzirwa uye vakatora njodzi pazvakasvika kune nzvimbo dzepamusoro mumisika yemari. Sezvo mabhenji akapinda mabhizinesi aya, mabhizimisi akawanda emabhizimisi emabhizimisi muSouth America neEurope vakawana vasina kukwikwidzana nemasangano emari ane simba guru rezvemari. Panguva imwecheteyo, vatengesi vane ruzivo uye vashandi vezvigadzirwa mune zvebhizimusi zvemabhizimisi vakatamirwa kubva kumakambani ekutengeserana kumabhangi akaendesa kubhadhara spree kuzokwezva avo vane unyanzvi hwakanaka mumisika yakashambadzira. Munzira dzakawanda, bhizinesi rezvemabhizimisi rakava ruzivo rwebhangi rebhizimisi uye bhizimisi rebhizimisi rakave rakanyanya kunyanya kubuda kana kuti rakabuda mumusika.
Mabhengi aya ainakidzwa nenguva inobatsira mubhizinesi yemabhizimisi semakambani emombe mumitengo yakatanga munharaunda yegore ra2004. Mitengo yezvinhu zvakawanda yakasimuka kusvika nguva yose yakakwirira uye mabhizimisi akawanda akawedzera sekuwedzera-chidimbu kuChina kwakaguma nekugadzirisa zvivako zvekugadzirisa nekuchengeta uye mari yekushandisa zvinhu zvitsva. Zvitsva zvekugadzira michina zvakasimbisa kudikanwa kweunyanzvi hwebhangi munharaunda.
Zvisinei, mushure mematambudziko emari muna 2008 apo mamiriro ekutonga akachinja, masangano ezvemari akauya pasi pekuongororwa kweCongress nevatongi. Zvinhu zvekudya zvinowanzova zvakanyanya kuwanda pane zvishamba, zvisungo, uye mari. Saka, vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika uye vezvematongerwo enyika vaitaura kuti masangano ezvemari aifanira kuisa pane mamwe mari kuti varambe vari mune mabhizimusi ekushandisa. Mabhenji akanga atanga kushandiswa kwakasimba mune zvigadzirwa kubva kumhizha kuburikidza nevatengi kusanganisira logistics , zvivakoti, uyewo mabasa ekutengeserana. Vakawanda vatungamiri nevatsoropodzi vezvemari vakapikisa kubudirira kuti mabhanhire haafaniri kuve mune zvebhizimusi zvezvinhu zvakanyanya. Sezvo hurumende inosungirwa uye kutengesa mari yakasimuka uye masangano akazviwana pachake pasi pezvitsva zvinopisa zvevatongi neCongress, vazhinji vakasiya bhizinesi. Vakatengesa zvavanoda kune mamwe makambani zvikuru kunze kweUnited States muhukama hwakanaka kubva kumagariro ekutonga saSwitzerland neAsia.
Mutengo Wemabhizimisi Merchant Unotamira kune Mimwe Mitemo
Dodd-Frank nedzimwe shanduko dzehutungamiri muUnited States uye mukati meEuropean Union zvakakonzera kubuda kwemazizimisi emarudzi ose ezvekunyama kuSwitzerland neAsia. MuSwitzerland, mitemo uye mitero yemitero yakanyanya kunaka. MuAsia, China inoramba iine chikamu chekuda kwechiyero chekuenzanisa kwezvinhu. Nevanhu vanodarika mabhiriyoni 1,37, China yakave iyo inotungamirira pasi yekutengesa zvinhu zvakasikwa kwenguva yakati.
Pamberi pemabhangi akapinda mune zvebhizimusi zvekutengeserana muna 2000 kune mabhizimisi akawanda emabhizimisi muUnited States ari kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvekushandisa zvakapoteredza pasi rose. Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kweuropi-kukonzera uye kutonga kwebhangi pazvakauya nehutano hwemari kwakaita kuti bhizinesi rebhizimisi rimire. Sezvo mabhenji akabva pamusika mushure megore ra2010, zvakawanda zvebhizimisi zvakabva kumahombekombe eU.S. Somuenzaniso, JP Morgan akanga ava mutambi mukuru mumabhizimisi emarudzi ose. Muna 2014, bhengi raitengesa zvigadzirwa zvaro zvekutengesa kuna Mercuria, Geneva-Switzerland-based business trading. Mugore rimwe chete, Goldman Sachs akatengesa mabhizimisi ayo ekuchengetedza bhizinesi kuna Reuben Brothers, rimwe boka reSwitzerland pechirungamire.
Chisarudzo cha 2016
Iko kukwidza mitemo muUnited States kwakaitika pasi pekutungamirirwa kweMutungamiri Barrack Obama. Zvisinei, pakutanga kwegore ra2017, makumi mana nemashanu Mutungamiri wenyika ichava Donald J. Trump uyo akashanda pamusana pemitemo shoma. Mutungamiri Trump akaudza vanhu veAmerica kuti pamutemo umwe neumwe mutsva, hutungamiri hwake hwaizobvisa mitemo miviri iripo. Dodd-Frank Act yaiva chinangwa chekutsoropodzwa kwevadzidzi panguva yemushandirapamwe. Sezvaanotora Presidency pamwe chete nedzimba mbiri dzeCongress kubva kune imwe chete iyo zvinenge zvichida kuti kuchave nekuchinja kukuru munharaunda yekutonga yemabhizimisi emari uyewo mamwe mabhizimisi akawanda muUnited States.
Zvimwe zvinogona kuchinja zvekutonga paZvinoitika muna 2017 uye nepamusoro
Kunyange zvazvo zvikamu zveDodd-Frank Act zvichida zvichararama mumwedzi nemakore ari kuuya, vamwe havazoiti. Kuregererwa kwekushandurwa kwekutengeserana kunogona kuramba kuchiita nzvimbo iyo vatongi vachagadzirisa kupa hutsika kumisika yemari. Zvisinei, mikana ndeyokuti Mutemo wegore ra2012 uchave wakanyatsonzwisisika nekupa zvakanyanya kusimbisa kutsigira bhizinesi uye masangano emari nekubvisa zvizhinji zvezvinoda zvepamutemo izvo zvakadzivisa bhizimisi uye kukura kwezvemari. Icho chinonyengera chevatongi uye vezvematongerwo enyika ndechekukwanisa kubhadhara zvakakwana kuita kuti mitemo iotsigire bhizimisi uye kukura kwezvoupfumi panguva imwe chete kudzivirira vatengi nemisika kubva mukugadzirisa uye kuipa kwehutano.
Dodd-Frank Mutemo wegore ra2012 uye kuenda kwebhizimusi zvemabhizimisi kubva kumahombekombe eUnited States yaive yakagadzirisa pane kugadzirisa nzira yekutonga. Panguva yemushandirapamwe we 2016, Mutungamiri Trump akavimbisa vanhu veAmerica kuti mutemo waizochinja kutsigira bhizinesi. Saka, kuchinja kukuru munharaunda yekutonga muWashington DC kwava pedyo.