Foreign Exchange Risk
Kutengeserana kwekunze kune imwe nyika ndiyo ngozi yokuti kuchinja kwehukama hwehutano kunofamba kudarika miganhu inogamuchirwa. Kana zvasvika kune zvigadzirwa, dhora ndiyo inotengeswa yepamusoro yenyika yevakawanda, kana kwete, yakawanda.
Izvozvo ndechokuti dhora ndiro reserve mari yenyika. Kuchinja kwekukosha kwemadhora kune mamwe mari kunowanzoshandura pakutenga kana kutengesa kushandiswa mumitengo yezvinhu.
Dhora risina simba rinowanzobatsigira mutengo wemari. Izvozvo ndezvokuti kana dhora richifambira pasi, mutengo wemari mune dzimwe mari inowira. Sezvo mitengo inowira zvinhu zviviri zvinoitika, kuda kunowedzera kuwedzerwa uye zvigadzirwa zvinowanzoperesa sezvinowanikwa zvinyorwa. Kusiyana neizvi, apo dhora rinowedzera , mutengo wemari mune dzimwe mari inoshandisa mucheki anokurudzira ari kutengesa mune imwe nzvimbo iyo kudiwa kunotambudzwa nemhaka yepamusoro yematengo emunharaunda. Dhora rakasimba rinowanzove risina kunaka kwekutengeswa kwemari.
Apo rinouya kuvarimi, imwe yenhamba inokonzera mari shoma yekugadzira yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa mune zvisiri zvemadhora munyika dzakadzingwa. Kukwidziridzwa kwepamusoro kwekutengesa kunokonzera kuti zvigadzirwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye dzimwe nguva zvirege.
Kana maitirwo emitengo achikwira pamusoro pemutengo wemusika ndokugara ikoko kwemazuva mazhinji, vatengi vanobhadhara mari vanowanzorega kubudisa. Sezvaunogona kuona, pane kuwirirana kwepakati pakati pemadhora uye mutengo wemari.
Muenzaniso wekuti kutengeserana kwekunze kune dzimwe nyika kunogona kuchinja sei mutengo wezvigadzirwa ndeyoyo purogiramu ichangopfuura mu dollar nebhaibheri reBrazilian, iyo chaiye.
Brazil ndiyo nhamba yenyika imwe chete muveki uye mutengesi wegorosi . Apo dhora rakasimuka panguva iyo pakati paMay 2014 uye March 2015 mutengo wehuga wakadonha kubva pamasendi gumi nemasere kusvika pasi pe13 centi pound. Nhamba ye dollar inofanirwa ne 27% pamusoro penguva uye mutengo we shuga unodonhedzwa neanenge inenge yakaenzana. Munguva iyoyo, mari yeBrazil yakawira nekusvika 30%. Nokudaro, shuga zvechokwadi haina kutsika pasi muBrazilian mazwi chaiyo uye kutengesa kubva kune imwe yenyika imwe murimisi yakaramba ichimanikidzira mutengo wemadhora pasi. Iyi inongova muenzaniso mumwechete wekuti mutengo weko wekutengesa chaiwo wakakurudzira kutengesa panguva yekushandura mune dzimwe nyika. Iko mari yekugadzira shuga yakawira pasi kune vaBrazil sezvo mari yebasa inodonhedzwa mumitemo yemari yemunharaunda nekuremekedza mutengo wepasi rose we shuga yenyika iyo inowanikwa mumadhora.
Kushandurirwa kwevatorwa kune dzimwe nyika chinhu chinokosha chekutengeserana kwezvinhu uye kushandiswa. Apo kubudisa kwezvinhu kunowanikwa mune imwe nzvimbo uye kushandiswa kune imwe, mari yakasiyana-siyana inowanzokonzera mutengo. Vaparidzi vazhinji nevatengi vezvinhu, naizvozvo, mazhenje emari yemari anogona kukanganisa mabhizinesi avo.
Geographical Risk
Njodzi yenharaunda inonyanya kukosha yezvinhu zvekutengesa. Nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana pasi pose dzine ngozi dzakasiyana. Njodzi idzodzo dzinosiyana zvinoshamisa. Pane imwe nhanho, njodzi yenharaunda inogona kuenderana nehuwandu hwematongerwo enyika. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rune maitiro aro uye mitemo nemirairo uye kuchinja kwehurongwa hwehurumende hunoshandura mitemo iyi inogona kukanganisa matengo, sezvinokwanisa kukanganisa kwehondo kana zvimwe zviitiko mune imwe nzvimbo. Pane imwe nhanho, njodzi yenharaunda inowanzobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwekuisa zvinhu zvepanyama munzvimbo imwecheteyo yenharaunda zvichienderana nekukwanisa kwekuitika kwezviitiko zvepanyika munzvimbo iyoyo. Zviitiko zvepanyama zvinogona kuitika nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze kana mamwe mabasa ezvisikwa. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nyika dzakawanda kana makambani anotengesa zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana vanobatisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Muenzaniso weiyi ipo central bank gold holdings. Makambani ekuMadokero pasi rose anotora goridhe semari yekunze kwemari. Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichichengeta darama mukati memiganhu yavo, vamwe vanosiyanisa nekuchengetedza mabhiri mune dzimwe nyika. Bhizinesi reEngland, Federal Reserve Bank muNew York, Reserve Bank yeAustralia vose vane goridhe panzvimbo yemamwe marudzi vachitarisa kusiyana-siyana kwenzvimbo yavo.
Zvakaitika Mukukurumidza
Muna 2016, kusagadzikana mumisika yemari kumativi ose enyika kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa. Sirivha inokosha inotendwa mumari yose mazwi iyo inoreva kuti kukosha kwepurapa mari yakabudiswa nehurumende yakawira. Isu takadzidziswa kukoshesa mari kune imwe neimwe. Kune imwe nyika inoshandiswa purogiramu inoyera kukosha kwechimwe chemari chinopesana nemumwe, kufanana nedhora rinopesana ne euro kana pound sterling kurwisana ne yen. Zvisinei, apo matengo emidziyo inokosha segoridhe uye sirivha kuwedzera mumashoko ose emari aya inotitaurira kuti kukosha kwepapapa mabhizimusi ekune dzimwe nyika yakaderera.
Misika yemari yakava yakanyanyisa kana VaBrithani vasarudza kuenda kuEuropean Union kumagumo aJune 2016. Muna 2016, mhirizhonga yekunze kune dzimwe nyika yakasimuka nekuwedzera kusagadzikana mumisika yemari.