Tsanangudzo: Kugadzirisa mutengo ndiko apo masangano maviri, kazhinji makambani, anobvumirana kutengesa chigadzirwa pamutengo wakatarwa. Vanoita izvi kuti varambe vachiwana purogiramu . Zviri nyore kuti zvinyorwa zvigadziriswe kugadzirisa mutengo. Dzinoshanda pasina makwikwi anokwanisa kupa zvigadzirwa pamitengo yakaderera.
Mitengo yePaul Fixing
Chibvumirano chekusimudza mutengo: Vose vakwikwidzana vanobvumirana kukwidza mitengo yezvibereko nemumwe. Muna 2012, Cardozo Law Review yakabudisa chidzidzo chezviitiko makumi manomwe nematanhatu.
Yakawana zvibvumirano zvakadaro zvinokwidza mitengo kuburikidza ne20 muzana. (Chinyorwa: Connor, John M. naLande, Robert H., "Cartels seRational Business Strategic: Utsotsi Nyika," (November 1, 2012) 34 Cardozo Law Review 427 (2012).
Kusunungura kana kunyange kutsika mitengo: Hurumende dzinogadzirisa mutengo kuburikidza nekuisa mutengo kusununguka. Muma1970, kutengesa kwenyika kwakatyisidzirwa kuparadza vatengi kuvimba mune zvehupfumi pachako. Hurumende inotsvaga mitengo yekumisa kutengesa kwenyika uye kudzorera chivimbo. Icho chinhu chakanyanyisa kushandiswa uye chinoshandiswa chete apo mutemo wemari wakaratidza kuti haubatsiri
Kurongeka kwekugadzirisa mutengo: Icho chiri pakati pevakwikwi mune chimwe chigadzirwa. Yaiva yakanyanya kufara yakaitwa naOOPEC. Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzichigadzirisa mutengo pamafuta, ivo hurumende, kwete hurumende, masangano. Izvo zvinoita kuti vasapfuura mitemo ye US antiitrust, maererano nekutongwa kweDare reDunhu reUnited States muna 1979.
Kugadzirisa mutengo kwakakwana: Inowanzoitika pakati pevaya vari mukutengeserana, kufanana nevanokugadzira motokari nevatengesi vayo.
Semuenzaniso, mugadziri wevechirumbira anozivikanwa angashandisa mashizha ayo kumanikidzira vatengesi varo kuti vatevere "Mutengo Wokutengeserana Wakawanikwa," uye kwete kupa zvinotengeswa kana kukodzwa. Izvi zvakagadziriswa pamutemo kubvira muna 1911. Ndiko kutonga kusarudzo yepamusoro-soro muMiles v. Park apo Dare rakati kugadzirisa mutengo kwakaputsa Sherman Antitrust Act.
Vamwe vanogadzirisa vanotenderera izvi kuburikidza nekubatanidza kwepamusoro . Somuenzaniso, Apple ine zvigadzirwa zvayo. Izvo zvinozvibvumira kuti zvirambe zvakakwana mutengo pasina kupomerwa nezvekugadzirisa mutengo kusina mutemo.
Mienzaniso
1992: ADM yakagadzirisa mutengo weLysine, kuwedzera muzviyo nemamwe mhuka yekudya, pamwe nevakwikwidzi vechiJapan neKorea. Mutungamiriri wekuridza, Mark Whitacre akatambidzwa naMat Damon mufirimu ye 2009, "The Informant."
2006: Zvinyorwa makumi maviri nemaviri zvakabatwa zvakagadzirisa mutengo wekutumira pasi air cargo. Vaibhadhara $ 3 bhiriyoni.
2010 - 2014: Hurumende yakabhadhara Bridgestone $ 425 Mamiriyoni pamutengo wayo wokugadzirisa mumoto. Iyo makore mana akaongororwa akawana makambani makumi maviri nemaviri akabvumirana kugadzirisa mutengo. Yaisanganisira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemishonga, kusanganisira motors inotanga, mabhandi emakumbo uye 150 zvimwe zvikamu. Makambani akabvumirana ne $ 2 bhiriyoni muhomwe. IEuropean Commission yakapa imwezve madhora $ 1.3 mabhiriyoni pavashanu vanoita.
2012: Mabhenji akagadzirisa chikamu chechipiri-chinonyanya kukosha. Vaisanganisira Barclays, UBS, Rabobank uye Royal Bank yeScotland. Iko Libor chiyero ndicho chikonzero chevamwe vakawanda vanofarira kuwanda munyika yose. Inonyanya kutevera nhamba inonyanya kukosha yenyika, iyo inodyidzwa mari yakawanda . Zvisinei, muna 2007 zvakasiyana-siyana , zvichiratidza kutanga kwematambudziko emari muna 2008 .
Somugumisiro wekugadzirisa mutengo, LIBOR administration yakashandurwa kuInterContinental Exchange muna 2014. (Chinyorwa: Christopher Alessi, naAmai Aly Sergie, "Kunzwisisa Libor Scandal," Council on Foreign Relations, December 5, 2013. Mat Taibbi, "The Biggest Financial Scandal Asi," Rolling Stone, April 25, 2013.)
2013: Apple yakawanikwa ine mhosva yemari yekugadzirisa e-mabhuku nevashambadziri vekutsvaga muIndaneti. (Inobva: "Apple Yakagadziriswa MuE-Book Price Fixing Conspiracy," Nguva, July 10, 2013.)
Chikonzero nei Mutengo Wanogadzirisa Usingaenderani
Kugadzirisa mutengo kunovhiringidza mitemo yemitemo yekuda uye kupa . Inopa hupenyu huri pamucheto pamakwikwi. Haisi mune zvinodiwa nevatengi. Vanokonzera mitengo yakakwirira pamakambani, kuderedza zvigaro zvekugadzira uye kusimbisa zvipingamupinyi zvekupinda. Kuwedzera mari inotenga vatengi munyika dzine urombo zvakanyanya sezvo nyika iyo inogamuchira kune dzimwe nyika rubatsiro.
Kubatanidzwa kwave kusina mutemo muAmerica kubvira pamutemo weSherman Act muna 1890. Asi vashandi vehurumende vakatanga kuoma mwoyo chete apo kusuruvara kwekrisine yakagadzirisa zvakajeka muma 1990. (Kubva: "Cartels: Just One More Fix," The Economist, March 29, 2014.)