Pane paTsika dzeChishanu
US Treasury Bonds
Zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvikwereti zveAmerica zveMari, mapeti, uye zvisungo zvakabudiswa neDhipatimendi reMari. Zvinoshandiswa kugadzirisa mararamiro emamwe ose kwenguva refu, yakasimbiswa-kutengesa zvisungo. Pfuma inotengesa muvasitendi kuti inotsigire kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende.
Vanowanzonzizve pamusika wechipiri . Ndizvo zvakachengetedzeka kubva pavanenge vimbiswa nehupfumi hwepasi rose . Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti ivo vanopawo zvakaderera kudzoka. Zvisinei, iyo inowanikwa nevanenge vese vanoita zvekurima , masangano uye mari yehupfumi . Nzvimbo yeHaigari inotengesawo mari yezvokuchengetedzwa kwepfuma inodzivirira kuchengetedzwa kunodzivirira kusagadzirisa.
Savings Bonds
Sangano rekuchengetedza rakapiwawo neDhipatimendi reMari . Izvi zvinorehwa kutengwa nemumwe wevatengesi . Ndicho chikonzero ivo vanobudiswa pasi zvakakwana zvokuti vanoita kuti vawane mari kune vamwe. Ini zvisungo zvakadai sezvisungo zvekuchengetedza, kunze kwekuti zvigadziriswa zvekuwedzera kwemwedzi yese mwedzi mitanhatu.
Agency Bonds
Quasi-hurumende yemasangano, kufanana naFannie Mae naFreddie Mac , vanotengesa zvisungo zvinopihwa nehurumende yehurumende.
Municipal Bonds
Kusungwa kweMasipala kunounzwa nemaguta akasiyana-siyana. Izvi hazvina mutero asi zvine zviduku zvakaderera mutengo kudarika zvibvumirano zvekambani.
Izvo zvishoma kune ngozi kune zvisungo zvakabudiswa nehurumende yehurumende. Maguta dzimwe nguva anoita zvakashata.
Corporate Bonds
Mabhandi ehurumende anounzwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzemakambani. Izvo zvinotyisa kupfuura zvisungo zvehurumende-zvakasungwa kuitira kuti zvipe huwandu hwekudzokera. Zvinotengeswa nebhenekeri yemumiririri.
Kune marudzi matatu ezvisungo zvekubatana:
- Zvisungo zvisingabatsiri kana zvikwereti zvakakura zvezvibereko ndezvekushamwaridzana kwekambani kubva kumakambani ane mukana mukuru wekutadza. Vanopa zvikwereti zvakakwirira zvekuda kubhadhara dambudziko.
- Nzvimbo dzakasarudzwa ndezvenzvimbo dzinochengetwa asi dzinoita seA-bonds. Kufanana nechisungo, vanokubhadhara chikamu chakasarudzwa nguva dzose. Idzo dzakachengetedzeka zvishoma kudarika mashizha nokuti vatengi vanobhadhara mushure mekuchengetedzwa kwevasungwa asi vasati vawana vashandi vese.
- Zvitatimiti zveDhipatimendi zvakafanana nezvisungo zvakabudiswa nebhangi rako. Iwe unowanzobhadhara bhadha yako mari yako kweimwe nguva yenguva yekugadziriswa kwehuwandu hwekudzoka.
Mhando dzeBond-based Securities
Iwe haufaniri kutenga chibvumirano chaiyo kuti uwane zvinoshandiswa nezvibereko zvayo. Iwe unogonawo kutenga zvigumisiro zvinobva pazvisungo. Zvinosanganisira zvibatanidzwa zvemari . Izvo zvikanganiswa zvemarudzi akasiyana ezvisungo. Heino misiyano pakati pezvisungo uye mari yezvisungo .
Bond dzekuchengetedzwa kwemari dzinosanganisirawo mari yekushandiswa-yekutengesa mari . Vanoita semari pamwe chete asi havasi ivo vane zvibvumirano. Pane kudaro, ETFs dzinotevera kushanda kwezvikwata zvakasiyana zvezvisungo. Vanobhadhara zvichienderana nekushanda ikoko.
Bond-based derivatives zvikwereti zvakaoma zvinowana kukosha kwadzo kubva pane zvisungo zvepasi.
Dzinosanganisira:
- Zvisarudzo zvinopa mutengi kodzero, asi kwete basa, kutengesa bhandi pane imwe mutengo pamubvumirano-pane zuva remangwana. Kodzero yekutenga chisungo inonzi " call call" uye kodzero yekuitengesa inonzi " kusarudza" . Zvinotengeswa pane imwe shanduro yekutengesa.
- Mazano ezvematongerwo enyika akaita sarudzo kunze kwekuti vaite kuti vatori vechikamu vabate basa racho. Zvinotengeswa pakuchinjana.
- Zvimbambiso zvibvumirano zvakafanana nezveramangwana zvibvumirano, kunze kwekuti zvisiri kutengeswa pakutsinhanisa. Pane kudaro, iyo inotengeswa pamusoro pe-the-counter kana zvakananga pakati pemapato maviri kana kuburikidza nebhangi. Izvo zvakagadziriswa kune zvinodiwa zvemaviri mapato. Semuenzaniso, zvikwereti zvekutengeswa-ndezvakaziviswa zviri mberi zvibvumirano zvekuchengetwa kwemari kunotengeswa panguva inotevera.
- Kubhadhara mari-yakatsigirwa kuchengetedzwa kwakavakirwa pamatombo emari yemari. Kufanana nechisungo, vanopa chiyero chekudzoka zvichienderana nekukosha kwezvinhu zviri pasi.
- Zvikwereti zvikwereti zvikwereti zvinowanikwa pamotokari yemari uye chikwereti chikwereti chikwereti. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo zvikwama zvezvisungo zvehurumende.
- Pepanhau rekutengeserana neAsetsetsi yezvematongerwo emabhizimisi ndeyegore rimwe chete bhizimisi bhandi mabhizimisi anoenderana nekukosha kwezvinhu zviri pasi pekutengeserana zvakadai sedzimba, mafambisi emakambani kana imwe nzvimbo yebhizimisi.
- Chirwere chechi swaps chibvumirano chezvibvumirano zvinobvumira vashandi kuti vashandise ramangwana rekuda kwekubhadhara mari. Zvinowanzovapo pakati pomubati wezvisungo zvakagadziriswa-chibvumirano uye mumwe ane chikwata chechibvumirano chechidimbu. Vanotengeswa pamusoro pe-the-counter.
- Zvose zvikwereti zvekudzorera zvakafanana swa swa chibereko chekutora kunze kwekuti kubhadhara kunobva pazvisungo, bhadha index, nhamba yekutengesa kana bundle yezvikwereti. (Chinyorwa: "Nheyo yeFixed Revenue Derivatives," Ennis Knupp uye Associates. "Kuburitsa Kwezvakaitwa," Chicago Board Options Exchange.)