Makambani Ari Kubudisa Zvikwereti paChirangaridzo CheChirangaridzo
Makambani akabudiswa kudarika $ 1.4 trillion muna 2016, saNovember. Makambani anoda kubhadhara chikwereti pane zvinyorwa-zvishoma kutora mutengo, zvichienderana nekuwedzera kwemari yemitemo kubva kuFederal Reserve . Pakazara, kune mari inodarika $ 8 trillion mukwereti yekambani yakakosha.
(Chinyorwa: Sifma Statistics, December 9, 2016.)
Izvo zvinoshandiswa kumakambani ndeyekuita neChipatara Chekupa Pagari uye kuwedzera kuenzana nekutengesa mashizha . Iyi inzira yakareba uye inodhura. Kutengesa zvisungo, kunyange zvichiri kuoma, zviri nyore kwazvo uye zvinopa nzira yakakurumidza yekusimudzira mari yekuwedzera kwekambani.
Iwe unogona kutengesa zvisungo zvemakambani iwe pachako kana kuti kuburikidza nesangano rezvisungo kubva kumudzidzisi wezvemari. Havasi pasi zvakachengeteka kupinda hurumende dzezvisungo. Ndechokuti pane imwe mikana yakawanda iyo kambani inogona kukanganisa uye yakasununguka pachibvumirano. Ndicho chikonzero ivo vanowanzoverengwa maererano nehupenyu hwavo naMoody's kana Standard & Poor's . Iyo yakakonzera njodzi, yakakwirira iyo kudzoka iyo corporation inofanira kupa.
Zvisungo zvehurumende, kufanana nezvimwe zvibvumirano zvose, zvinopa huwandu hunotarisirwa huwandu kune uyo anotengesa musungo. Kana iwe ukabata chibvumirano chekukura, iwe uchagamuchira iyo huru pamwe nemari yevose vanofarira.
Ndiko kudzoka kwako kwose, kana kubereka.
Zvisinei, kana iwe uchitengesa bhadha usati wasvika pakukura, unogona kutadza kuwana mutengo wakadaro kumashure kwawakazobhadhara. Kukosha kwehutano hwako kuchaderera kana zvikwereti zvezvikwereti pane zvimwe zvikwereti zvichikwira. Sei mumwe munhu achizokubhadhara zvakafanana kana hutano hwako huri nehuwandu hwechikwereti kupfuura humwe huripo?
Muchiitiko ichocho, kudzokera kwako kwose kana zvibereko zvinodonha. Ndicho chikonzero vanogara vachitaura kuti zvibvumirano zvinowira apo zvikwereti zvinowedzera.
Mhando yeBhizimisi Bonds
Kune marudzi mazhinji akasiyana ezvisungo zvehurumende, zvichienderana nehutano hwavo uye kudzoka.
Chikamu chekutanga ndehurefu, kana kuti zvichareba kwenguva yakareba sei kuti hutano huve hwakakura. Pane hutatu hurefu hwehurefu:
- Nguva pfupi (makore matatu kana pasi) - Izvi zvaiwanzoonekwa sezvo zvakachengeteka, nokuti dzakabatwa kwenguva shoma. Zvisinei, sezvo Fed yave ichitaura iyo inogona kunge inokwidza chido chekuda muna 2015, izvi zvingangodaro zvakare zvinokura.
- Nguva yechipfuva (makore mana kusvika kune gumi) - Mitengo ingangodaro inomuka pazvisungo izvi zvakare mugore rinotevera, sezvo Fed inopedza zvigadzirwa zvayo yePaulist manotsi. Nokuda kwezvakawanda , ona Zvakawanda Zvokufambisa .
- Yenguva refu (makore anodarika gumi). Nguva yakareba yezvisungo zvinowanzopa huwandu hwekuda mari nokuti inosungira vatengi mari kwemakore gumi kana kupfuura. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvibereko, kana kuti kudzoka zvakakwana, zvive nehanya nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemafambiro. Izvo zvibvumirano zvinowanzotengeswa nekudanwa, kana kuregererwa kwekuregererwa, kunobvumira kambani inobhadhara kuti idzikinure mushure memakore gumi ekutanga (kwenguva refu yakasungwa) kana zvikwereti zvinoderera zvishoma. Izvo zvinovabvumira kuti vabhadhara mari yako neyemari kubva kune itsva, ine zvishoma. (Inobva: WSJ, Dzimwe Nzira Dzakasimba Dzinogona Kukurova, May 5, 2014)
Chikamu chechipiri ndiyo ngozi.
- Bhuku rekutsvaga mabhizimisi rinobudiswa nekambani dzisingabviri kutadza. Zvizhinji zvezvisungo zvesangano ndeyekutsvaga mabhii. Iko inofadza kune vashandi vanoda kudzoka kudarika zvavanogona kuwana neChinyorwa cheMari, uye vachiri kunyatsochengeteka. Izvi zvinoratidzirwa neBaa3 neMoody's, uye pamwe BBB- ne Standard & Poor's uye Fitch Ratings.
- Bhizimisi-zvibvumirano, izvo zvinonziwo zvisungo zvisingabatsiri , zvinopa kudzoka kwakakwirira. Zvisinei, izvi ndechokuti ivo ndivo vane ngozi. Chaizvoizvo, kukosha kwavo kunofanira kukutyisidzira - " kwete kubhadhara bhizinesi ." Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti ivo vanoonekwa sechinhu chinokonzera kufungidzira. Ivo vakaverengwa seB kana kuti pasi. (Kubva: "Mhando dzeBhizimisi Zvikwereti," HJ Sims.)
Chikamu chechitatu ndechekubhadhara kwekufarira.
- Fixed rate, iyo inonziwo plain vanilla, ndiyo inowanikwa. Iwe uchagamuchira mubhadharo mumwechete mwedzi wega wega kusvika pakukura. Izvi zvinonzi kubhadhara kubhadhara, uye chikwereti chechido chinonzi chikwata chepikicha. Kudzoka mumazuva ekare, vashandi vekutsvaga vaifanira kutora mapikoni pamabhandi epa pepa uye vatumire kuti vabhadharwe. Iye zvino, chokwadi, zvose zvakaitwa zvemagetsi.
- Kuwedzera kwehutano hutano huri kugadzirisa mari yavo nguva nenguva, kazhinji mwedzi mitanhatu. Mari iyo ichashandurwa zvichienderana nemari inowanikwa yehuwandu hwemari yeUnited States .
- Zero coupon zvisungo zvisingabhadhara chikwereti kusvika pakukura. Zvisinei, mubhadhari anofanira kubhadhara mitero pamusoro pekuwedzerwa kwekubhadharwa kwekubhadhara, kufanana sekunge kuri kubhadharwa. (Kubva: SEC, Chii Chinonzi Bonds Bonds .
- Zvisungo zvinoshandiswa zvakadai sefaini inoshandiswa vanilla, asi inokubvumira kuti uzvishandure kune zvikamu zvezvitoro. Kana matengo emashesi achikwira, izvi zvichawedzera kukosha kwezvisungo. Kana zvikwereti zvezvitoro zvikawa, iwe unenge uchinge uine zvigoni zvebhandi uye yekutanga yehutano hunokosha kana iwe uchibata kusvikira wakakura. Sezvo vane izvi zvakanyanyobatsirika, vanowanzobhadhara chidimbu chechidhindo chiri pasi pane vanilla vanilla zvisungo.