Ko Kudyidzana Chaizvoizvo "Sangano Rakavanzika" Rinodzora Mari Yako Here?
Structure Structure
Kuti unzwisise kuti Fed inoshanda sei, unofanira kuziva chimiro chayo.
The Federal Reserve System ine zvinhu zvitatu. Bhodi reVakuru vehurumende rinotungamirira mutemo wemari. Nhengo dzayo nomwe dzinotarisirwa kuisa murairo wekutsvaga uye kuchengetedzwa kwekudiwa kune mabhengi evanhu. Vashandi vezvehupfumi vanopa zvose kuongorora. Dzinosanganisira Bhuku reBeige reMwedzi uye gore regore roga roga Mari YeNhoroondo kuCongress .
Sangano reWorld Open Market rinotarisira basa rakasununguka pamakethe . Izvo zvinosanganisira kuisa chinangwa chekudyidzana mari , iyo inotungamira kushaya mari . Dare rebato uye vana vatungamiri vemabhangi gumi nemaviri nhengo. IFOMC inosangana kanomwe pagore.
The Federal Reserve Bank inotarisira mabhizimisi emabhizimisi uye inoshandisa mutemo. Vanoshanda nebhodhi kuti vatarisire mabhangi emabhizimisi. Kune imwe inowanikwa mune imwe neimwe yedunhu ravo 12.
Mabasa mana eWatch Reserve System
Basa reStart Reserve rinonyanya kukosha uye rinooneka nderekutungamirira mutemo wemari . Izvo zvinoita izvi kutarisira kutengesa kwezvinhu uye kuchengetedza zvigaro zvakasimba.
Kuti uite izvozvo, Fed inotarisa 2% inokonzerwa nehuwandu hwekutsvaga kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekutsvaga kwekuwedzera . Inotsvaga basa rakakura. Icho chinangwa ndechehuwandu hwekushaiwa kwebasa hwe 4.7 kusvika ku5,8 muzana. IHood inotengeswa kwenguva yakareba inotora mutengo wemari kuburikidza nemabasa ekutengesa emakambani uye iyo inodyidzwa mari yakawanda Chinangwa chekutengesa mari ndekukura kwehupfumi hwehupfumi .
Chinangwa ichocho chikamu che2 kusvika ku3 muzana zvakakosha mumuchero wekukura kwekuraira .
Chechipiri, Fed inotarisira uye inotonga mabhengi akawanda emarudzi kurinda vatengi.
Chechitatu, inochengetedza kugadzikana kwemisika yezvemari uye kunokonzera matambudziko angangodaro.
Chechina, inopa mabhizinesi kune mamwe mabhangi, hurumende yeUnited States, uye mabhengi ekunze.
1. Iyo Inogadzirisa Sei Kutapurirwa Kwemhepo
Sangano reStart Reserve rinotarisa kutengesa kwekutengeswa kwekutora chikwereti, chikuru chechikamu chemari . Ichi ndicho chikonzero vanhu vanoti Fed inoshandura mari . Nhepfenyuro inokonesa chikwereti kuburikidza nekusimudzira mutengo wekuita nekuita chikwereti zvakadhura. Izvozvo zvinoderedza kushandiswa kwemari uye kukonzera kutengesa kwenyika. Sei kutarisira inflation kwakakosha? Kuenderera mberi kwepamukira kwakafanana nekenza inonyangadza iyo inoparadza chero zvikomborero zvekukura.
Kana pasina mungozi yekuwedzera kwezvinhu, Fed inopa chikwereti chine mari shoma kuburikidza nekuderedza mutengo wemari. Izvi zvinowedzera kuchenesa uye zvinokurudzira bhizimisi kukura. Izvozvo zvinowedzera kuderedza basa . IFed inotarisa kutengesa kwenyika kuburikidza nehutachiwana hwehutengo hwekuwedzera, sezvinoenzaniswa neBy Personal Consumer Expenditures Price Index . Iyo inobvisa zvokudya zvisingabatsiri uye gesi mitengo kubva kuhuwandu hwekuwedzera kwezvishoma. Zvokudya uye madhigisi anomuka muzhizha ndokuwa muchando.
Izvozvo zvakanyanya kukurumidza kuti Fed iite.
Sangano reSweden rinoshandisa hurongwa hwekuwedzera kwemari kana inoderedza chikwereti chezvibereko. Izvo zvinowedzera chikwereti uye kuregererwa. Izvo zvinoita kuti hupfumi hukure nekukurumidza uye kuumba mabasa. Kana hupfumi huri kukura zvakanyanya, hunokonzera kutengesa. Panguva ino, Federal Reserve inoshandisa zvinopesana nemari yemari uye inosimudzira chido chekuda . Nhamba yepamusoro yemari inokwereta inokwereta mari inodhura. Kuwedzera kwechikwereti kunodhura kukura kunonoka uye kuderedza mikana yebhizimisi kukwidza mitengo. Vatambi vakakurumbira mukurwisana nehupfumi hwemagetsi ndeyeState Reserve Chair. Idzi ndidzo misoro iyo inotarisira mari yeFed inofarira.
Zvishandiso Zvokudya : The Federal Reserve inogadzirisa nzvimbo inotarisirwa kubhengi yenyika. Inoti mabanki anofanira kuchengetedza zvikamu 10 kubva muzana zvezvinyorwa zvavo pahusiku humwe humwe.
Ichi chikamu kunyange zvazvo chiri chiduku kune mabhanki maduku. Zvose zvinogona kubhadharwa. Kana bhengi risina mari yakakwana pamaoko ekupedzisira kwezuva, rinokwereta zvarinoda kune mamwe mabhangi. Mari iyo inokwereta inozivikanwa semari yakadyiwa . Mabhanji anotengesa mumwe nomumwe wekudyidzana mari yezvikwereti pazvikwereti izvi.
IFOMC inoisa chinangwa chekudyidzana kwemari pamitambo yayo yemwedzi. Kuti richengetedze pedyo nechinangwa chayo, Fed inoshandisa misika yakasununguka mabasa kutenga kana kutengesa zvigumisiro kubva kumabanki ayo. Izvo zvinoumba chikwereti kunze kwemweya wakaderera kutenga zvidzidzo izvi. Izvi zvinokanganisa zvakafanana nekudhinda mari. Izvo zvinowedzera kune iyo mabhengi anokwanisa kukweretesa uye anoguma mukuderedza kwekudyidzwa kwemari mari. Zivo yemazuva ano inodyidzana nemari inokosha kukosha iyi iyi inotaridzika mumisika yemari.
2. Iyo Inotarisira Sei Bhizinesi
Sangano reState Reserve rinotarisira zvinokwana 5,000 makambani ekuchengetedza mabhengi, 850 nhengo dzebhandi yenyika ye Federal Federal Banking System, uye mabhizimusi mamwe ose ari kushanda muUnited States. The Federal Reserve Banking System inotungamirwa 12 Federal Reserve mabhangi ayo maviri anotarisira uye anoshumira sebhangi yebhangi rese rebhizimisi munharaunda yavo.
Mabhanga gumi nemaviri ari muBoston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, neSan Francisco. Iyi Reserve Bank inoshumira mari yeUnited States kuburikidza nekugadzirisa zvayo, kutengesa zvivimbiso zvehurumende, uye kubatsira nekutarisira kwemari uye mabasa ekutsvaga mari. Reserve mabhangi uyewo inobata tsvakurudzo inokosha panyaya dzemari.
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act yakasimbisa simba reFed pamabhangi. Kana rimwe bhizinesi rikanyanya kukura kuti risakundikana , rinogona kuendeswa kuGedheni Reserve. Ichatsvaga nzvimbo yakakwirira yekudiwa inodzivirira kune chero kurasikirwa.
Dodd-Frank akapawo Fed mari yekutarisira "zvirongwa zvakakosha zvikoro." Muna 2015, Fed yakagadzira Guru Institution Supervision Coordinating Committee. Inotonga mabhenji 16 makuru. Chinonyanya kukosha, ndechekuita basa rekunyanya kushungurudzika kwemabanki makumi maviri negore. Aya maedzo anoona kana mabhanhire ane mari yakakwana yekuenderera mberi achiita zvikwereti kunyange kana chirongwa ichi chikaparara sezvachakaita muna Gunyana 2008 .
Musi waFebruary 3, 2017, Mutungamiri Trump akaedza kuderedza Dodd-Frank . Akasaina sarudzo yakakura iyo yakarayira Munyori weHarare kuti aongorore nzvimbo dzinoda kuchinjwa. Asi mazhinji emitemo iyoyo yakatove yakabatanidzwa kune dzimwe nyika mabvumirano ebhengi.
3. Iyo Inogadzirisa Sei Kubatana Kwemari Yezvemari
Sangano reFederal Reserve rakashanda pamwe neDhipatimendi reMariki kudzivirira kudengenyeka kwemari kwenyika munguva yematambudziko emari muna 2008 . Yakagadzira zvishandiso zvitsva zvakawanda , kusanganisira Term Auction Facility, Money Market Investor Chikwereti, uye Quantitative Easing . Nokuda kutsanangurwa kunorwadza-nekunzwa kwezvinhu zvose zvakaitika nguva iyo zvairi kuenderera mberi, iyo nyaya inotaura nezvehurumende inopindira mubhizimisi rebhangi ra2007 inopa nhoroondo yakajeka.
Makumi makumi maviri apfuura, Federal Reserve yakapindira mu Long Term Capital Management Crisis . Zviito zveSangano reGurumende zvinowedzera kuwedzera kwekudarika kukuru kwegore ra1929 nekusimbisa mari yekudzivirira kuchengetedza kwegoridhe .
4. Iyo Inopa Mari Kubhadhara Mari
Dhaka inotenga US Treasurys kubva kuhurumende yehurumende. Iko kunonzi kudhura chikwereti . Izvozvo ndezvekuti Fed inoita mari inoshandisa kutenga iyo Treasurys. Inowedzera mari yakawanda mari yacho. Kwemakore gumi akapfuura, Fed yakawana $ 4 biliyoni muHarareurys. Ndicho chikonzero nei vanhu vachibvunza, " Ko Federal Reserve kudhindisa mari here? "
Iko kunodanwa kunonzi "bhengi" bhengi. " Izvozvo ndezvokuti rimwe nerimwe re Reserve Reserve rinochengetedza mari, rinotarisa chekuongorora, uye rinonyanya kukosha, rinopa zvikwereti kune nhengo dzaro kuti dzigone zvido zvadzo kana zvichidiwa. Izvo zvikwereti zvinowanikwa kuburikidza newindo rekutsvaira uye rinopomerwa kubhadharwa kwezinga , rimwe rinowanikwa pamusangano weFOMC. Ichi chiyero chakaderera pane kudyidzana kwemari yakawanda uye LIBOR . Mazhinji mabhangi arege kushandisa mawindo ekuderedza nokuti kune rusaruro huripo. Inofungidzirwa kuti bhanhire harigoni kuwana zvikwereti kubva kune dzimwe mabhanga . Ndokusaka Federal Reserve inozivikanwa sebhangi rekupedzisira sarudzo.
Nhoroondo
Nhamo ye 1907 yakasimbisa Congress kuti iumbe Federal Reserve System. Yakasimbisa National Monetary Commission kuti iongorore nzira yakanakisisa yekuita kuti kudzivisa kupedzisira kuripo kwezvemari, kukanganisa kwebhangi, uye kubhadhara mabhizinesi. Congress yakapfuudza Federal Reserve Act ye1913 musi waDecember 23 wegore iroro.
Congress yakatanga kugadzira Fed kuti "itarisire kugadziriswa kweBederal Reserve mabhangi, kupa mari yakasununguka, kuwana mari yekugadzirisa pepanhau rekutengeserana, kusimbisa kushanda kunobudirira kwebhangi muUnited States, uye nezvimwe zvinangwa." Kubvira ipapo, Congress yakagadza mutemo wekugadzirisa masimba eFed uye chinangwa.
Ndiani Anopa Mari?
Nenyanzvi, mabhizimusi ebhizimusi ari nhengo ye Federal Federal . Ivo vane zvikamu zveState Reserve Reserve. Asi izvozvo hazvivadzi simba chero chipi zvacho nokuti havavhoti. Pane kudaro, Bhodi neFOMC vanoita zvisarudzo zveFed. Izvo zvakaderedzwa ndezvekuzvimirira nokuti izvo zvisarudzo zvinobva pakutsvakurudza. Mutungamiriri wehurumende, US Treasury Department, neCongress hazvibvumirisi zvisarudzo zvayo. Asi, nhengo dzebhodhi dzinosarudzwa nemutungamiri wenyika uye dzinogamuchirwa neCongress. Izvo zvinopa vatungamiri vakasarudzwa kuti vatonge pamusoro peFed yakareba kwenguva refu asi kwete mabasa ayo zuva nezuva.
Vamwe vakasarudzwa vakuru vehurumende vachiri kushushikana neFed nehuyo. Vanoda kupedza zvose pamwe chete. Sénator Rand Paul anoda kuzvidzora kuburikidza nekuzvinyora zvakanyanya. Baba vake, vaimbova Congress Congress Ron Paul, vaida kugumisa Fed.
Basa reChigaro cheFed
Sangano reState Reserve Reserve rinotungamirira mutungamiri uye inzwi reFederal Reserve Board neFOMC. Mutungamiri Trump akasarudza nhengo yeBerome Jerome Powell kuti ave sachigaro kubva paFebruary 5, 2018 kusvika munaFebruary 5, 2022. Anogona kupfuurira neFed's normalizing policy.
Iwaimbova chigaro ndiye Janet Yellen . Mutemo wake wakatanga musi waFebruary 3, 2014 uye wakaguma musi waFebruary 3, 2018. Kunyanya kunetseka kwake kwaiva kusava nebasa, iyo ihwowo ihwohwo hupfundo hwake. Izvozvo zvakamuita "chiito" pane "hawkish." Izvozvo zvaireva kuti aigona kunge achida kuderedza chikwereti chezvibereko. Zvinoshamisa kuti iye aiva sachigaro apo hupfumi hwaida chirongwa chemari chekugadzirisa.
Ben Bernanke aiva sachigaro kubva muna 2006 kusvikira muna 2014. Akanga ari nyanzvi yebasa raFed panguva yekutambudzika kukuru. Icho chaiva nerombo. Aiziva matanho aizotora kuti apedzisire Kubva Kudzoka. Akachengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu ehupfumi kubva pakuchinja.
Mafuta Anokubata Sei
Imwe nyanzvi inotsvaga Federal Reserve kuti inzwisise nezvekuita kwehupfumi uye izvo FOMC neBhodi yeVakuru vehurongwa zvinoronga kuita pamusoro pazvo. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti Fed inobata zvakananga mari yako yekushambadzira uye yehutano nemari yako yemari . Nokuva nemasimba akadaro pamusoro pehupfumi, Fed inoratidzirawo zvakanakira kukosha kweimba yako uye kunyange mikana yako yekuregererwa kana kugadziriswa.