Sangana nevanhu Vanodzora Mari yeNyika
Mazhinji mabhandi makuru ari kutungamirirwa nebhodhi rine mabhidhi ayo. Mutungamiri mukuru wenyika akasarudza mutungamiriri. Mutemo webumbiro rezvemitemo unomubvumira.
Izvo zvinochengetedza bhandi guru rinopindirana nezvinangwa zvehurumende kwenguva refu. Panguva imwecheteyo, haina rusununguko rwezvematongerwe enyika mumazuva ese. Bhanga reEngland rakatanga kusimbisa iyo muenzaniso. Nzira dzekunyengera kune izvo zvinopesana, iyo ndeyevo vane veState Federal Reserve .
Mutemo weMari
Makambani ekuCentral anokonzera kukura kwehupfumi kuburikidza nekudzora kusvibiswa mune zvemari. Vane mitemo mitatu yemari yekushandisa izvi.
Chokutanga, vanoisa gwaro rekudiwa . Ndiko mari yekuti mabhizimusi ejeri anofanira kunge ari oga usiku humwe. Bhandi guru rinoshandisa iyo kuronga kuti mabhanji angakweretesa sei.
Chechipiri, vanoshandisa mabhizimisi akasununguka kutenga nokutengesa zvikwereti kubva kumabanki evanhu. Inoshandura huwandu hwemari iripo kunze kwekuchinja sarudzo inoda. Vakashandisa chirongwa ichi munguva yekutambudzika kwemari muna 2008. Mabhandi akatenga hurumende yehurumende uye zvikwereti zvakabhadhara-zvakatsigirwa kuti zvigadzikane kubhengi.
Sangano reFederal Reserve rakawedzera $ 4 triloni kudivi racho rekushambadzira nehuwandu hwekutengesa . Yakatanga kuderedza izvi zviri muna October 2017.
Chechitatu, vanoisa zvigaro pamitengo yemari vanobhadhara mabhenji avo. Izvozvo zvinotungamirira mari yezvikwereti, mari yekubhadhara, uye zvisungo. Kurera chido chekuderera kunoderedza kukura, kudzivirira kutengesa .
Izvozvo zvinozivikanwa sechinangwa chekubhadhara mari . Kuderedza mitengo kunokonzera kukura, kudzivirira kana kupfupisa kuderera . Izvozvo zvinonzi chirongwa chekuwedzera kwemari . IEuropean Central Bank yakaderedza matanho kusvika parizvino zvokuti vakava vasina kunaka .
Mari yemitemo inonyengera. Zvinotora mwedzi mitanhatu kuti migumisiro inopinda kuburikidza nehupfumi. Mabhangi anogona kusanganisa nhepfenyuro yehupfumi sezvo Fed yakaita muna 2006. Yaifunga kuti subprime mortgage kusanganiswa kunongogadzirisa imba. Yakanga yakamirira kuderedza mari yakadyiwa mari . Nenguva iyo Fed yakaderedza mitengo, yakanga yatove yakanyarara kare.
Asi kana mabhandi makuru ari kuita kuti hupfumi huwedzere, hunogona kutengesa kutengesa . Central mabhangi ngazvidzivirire kupera sezvinonzi denda. Kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu kunoparadza hupi zvingabatsiro zvekukura. Inokurudzira mitengo yevatengi, kuwedzera mari yebhizimisi, uye inodya pfuma ipi zvayo. Central mabhangi anofanira kushanda zvakaoma kuchengetedza chikwereti chezvikwereti zvakakwana zvakakwana kudzivirira.
Vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika uye dzimwe nguva vanhu vose vanonyunyuta pamabhanki ari pakati. Ndiko nokuti vanowanzoshanda vachizvimiririra nevasarudzo vakasarudzwa. Vanowanzosafarirwa mukuedza kwavo kuporesa hupfumi. Semuenzaniso, Sachigaro weHurumende yePasitora Paul Volcker akatumira chido chekuda kufambisa.
Yaiva chete chete mushonga wekupukunyuka kwezvishoma. Vatsoropodzi vakamugadzira. Central Bank mabhii anowanzonyatsonzwisiswa, achikwidziridza kukanganisa
Bank Regulation
Central mabhangi anotonga nhengo dzavo . Vanoda kuchengetedza zvakakwana kuti vatarise kukanganisa kwemari chikwereti. Ivo vane basa rekusimbisa kugadzikana kwezvemari nekuchengetedza mari yekuisa mari.
Muna 2010, Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act yakapa humwe hutungamiri hwekutonga kuFed. Yakagadzira Consumer Financial Protection Agency . Izvo zvakaita kuti vatongi vave nesimba rekuparadzanisa mabhanga makuru, saka havaiti " zvakanyanya kukura kuti vasakundikana ." Inogumisa zvinyorwa zvehedge funds uye zvekutengesa vatengesi. The Volcker Rule inorambidza mabhengi kuti ave nehupfumi hwemari. Inovadzivisa kubva kushandisa mari yevatengesi kuti vawane zvitsva zvinokonzera pfuma yavo pachavo.
Dodd-Frank akasimbisawo Financial Stability Oversight Council.
Inonyevera nezvengozi dzinokanganisa iyo yese yezvokutengeserana zvemari. Inogonawo kukurudzira kuti Federal Reserve ironge mapeji ose emari kwete ebhangi. Iko kuchengetedza makambani einishuwarenzi kana kuti mari yehuta kuti ive yakakura zvikuru kuti isakundikana.
Kupa Zvekurima Mari
Central mabhangi anoshumira sebhangi rebhandi rega uye hurumende yehurumende. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti vanoongorora kuongorora uye kupa mari kumalungu avo.
Central bank store store mari inowanikwa kune dzimwe nyika . Vanoshandisa mabhuku aya kuchinja shanduko yemari. Vanowedzera mari dzedzimwe nyika, kazhinji dhora kana euro, kuchengetedza mari yavo pachavo mukuenzanisa. Iko kunonzi mbambo , uye inobatsira vatengesi kuchengetedza mitengo yavo kukwikwidzana.
Central mabhandi zvakare anotonga kuchinja kwemazana senzira yekudzivirira kuwedzera kwezvinhu . Vanotenga uye vanotengesa mari yakawanda yemari yekune dzimwe nyika kuti inopesana nekupa uye kuda.
Mazhinji mabhandi makuru anotora nhamba dzehupfumi nguva dzose kuti atungamirire mari yezvisarudzo. Heano mienzaniso yemigumo yakapiwa neFederal Reserve:
- Bhuku Rebeki : Mwedzi wegore wegore wehupfumi mushumo kubva kunharaunda ye Federal Federal mabanki.
- Nyaya Yezvematongerwo Emitemo : Nyaya yegore rimwechete kune Congress pamusoro pehupfumi hwenyika
- Chikwereti cheKodhadhi yeCredit
Nhoroondo
Sweden yakasika nyika yekutanga yebhangi, iyo Riks, muna 1668. Bhanga reEngland rakauya zvakare muna 1694. Napoleon akasika Banquet de France muna 1800. Congress yakamisa Federal Reserve muna 1913. Bhenji reCanada yakatanga muna 1935, uye iyo German Bundesbank yakadzorerwa zvakare mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Muna 1998, European Central Bank yakashandura mabhanga ose eEurozone.
Mukuderera: Current Fed Funds Rate | Nzira Iyo Fed Inoshandura Nhamba Dzakanaka | Zvinotengeswa Zvishandiso uye Maitiro Azvo Anoshanda