Chii Chacho Chayo Pamusoro Pano Zvinangwa Zvitatu?
OPEC's Three Goals
Chinangwa cheOOPEC chokutanga ndechekuchengeta mitengo yakasimba . Inoda kuve nechokwadi kuti nhengo dzayo dzinowana chii chakanaka chemafuta avo. Sezvo mafuta ari mutengo wakakwana , vashandi vakawanda vanogadzirisa kutenga kwavo zvisarudzo pane chimwe chinhu kunze kwekutengesa.
Ndeipi mutengo wakanaka? OPEC yakagara ichitaura kuti yaiva pakati pe $ 70 ne $ 80 pamubhairi. Pamatengo iwayo, nyika dzeOOPEC dzine mafuta akakwana kupedza makore 113. Kana mitengo inodonha pasi peiyo inotarisirwa, nhengo dzeOOPEC dzinobvumirana kuti dzisabvumirwe kushandura mitengo yakakwirira.
Asi Iran inoda kuderedza mitengo kusvika pamadhora makumi matanhatu nemakumi matanhatu. Inotenda kuti mutengo wakaderera uchadzinga vatori vemafuta veU.S. shale , vanoda ruzivo rwakakwirira. Kuparara kweIranesi-kunyange mutengo uri kungopfuura $ 50 bhari. Saudi Arabia inoda $ 70 murangi kuti iparadze kunyange.
Pasina chibvumirano ichi, munhu mumwechete-mairi-kunze kwenyika aizomira achiwedzera kuwedzerwa kwekuita mari yakawanda yenyika. Nokukwikwidzana nemumwe nemumwe, vaikwanisa kutengesa mitengo kunyange pasi. Izvozvo zvinogona kukurudzira kunyange kuda kwepasi pose. OPEC nyika dzaizopedza dzidzo dzadzo dzinokosha zvikuru. Pane kudaro, nhengo dzeOOPEC dzinobvumirana kuti dzigadzire chete zvakakwana kuitira kuti mutengo uwedzere kune vose nhengo.
Kana matengo akakwirira kudarika $ 80 ibha, dzimwe nyika dzine chikonzero chekuchera mafuta emadhora akawanda.
Zvechokwadi, kana matero emafuta akasvika pedo ne $ 100 mubharani, yakava mari inobatsira kuCanada kuti iongorore nzvimbo dzayo dzisina mafuta . Makambani eSU akashandisa kukanganisa kuzarura minda ye Bakken mafuta yekugadzira. Somugumisiro, kushamba kweOOPEC kwakawedzera.
Chinangwa chepiri cheOPEC ndechekuderedza mutengo wemafuta kusagadzikana . Nokuda kwekugadzirisa, mafuta ekuduruwa anofanira kushanda maawa makumi maviri nemasere, mazuva manomwe pavhiki.
Zvivako zvekuvhara zvinogona kukanganisa kuiswa kwemafuta uye kunyange minda ivo pachavo. Mahombekombe ekurorera inowanzoomera uye inodhura kuvhara. Ikozvino panguva yeOOPEC inonyanya kufarira kuchengetedza mitengo yenyika yakasimba. Kushandurwa kuduku mune zvekugadzira kazhinji kunokwana kubhadhara mutengo wakagadzikana.
Semuenzaniso, munaJune 2008, mitengo yemafuta yakakunda nguva yose yakakwirira ye $ 143 pamigero. OPEC yakapindura nokubvumirana kubereka mafuta akawanda. Izvi zvakaburitsa mitengo pasi. Asi dambudziko rezvemari rose rakatumira mitengo yemafuta kukwira kuri $ 33.73 pamuranda muna December. OPEC yakapindura nekuderedza kushandiswa. Izvi zvakabatsira mitengo kuti idzoke zvakare.
OPEC chechitatu chinangwa ndechokugadzirisa mafuta epasi rose mukupindura kushayikwa. Semuenzaniso, yakatsiva mafuta akaparara panguva yeGulf Crisis muna 1990. Mamiriyoni emabhiri emafuta pazuva akaparadzwa apo mauto aSaddam Hussein akaparadza zvigadzirwa zvekunatsa muKaititi. OPEC yakawedzerawo kugadzirwa muna 2011 panguva yekutambudzika muLibhiya.
Mahofisi eUni naGemasimba kubva kumapato eOOPEC vanosangana kanomwe pagore kuti varongedze maitiro avo ekugadzira mafuta. Nhengo imwe neimwe yenyika inogara nehurongwa hunokudzwa umo munhu wese anobvumirana kuti aite chimwe chimwe. Kana nyika ichimhanyisa ichibereka zvakawanda, hapana chirevo kana chirango.
Nyika imwe neimwe ine mutoro wekutaura zvayo. Muchiitiko ichi, pane nzvimbo ye "kubiridzira." Nyika haichazopfuuriri kupfuura iyo yeruzhinji kunze kwekuti ichitsvaga kutyisirwa kunze kweOOPEC.
Pasinei nesimba rayo, OPEC haigoni kunyatsogadzirisa mutengo wamafuta. Mune dzimwe nyika, mimwe mitero inowanikwa kune petoro uye mamwe mafuta-based end end products kukurudzira kuchengetedza. Mafuta emafuta anoiswawo nemafuta emangwana mune ramangwana . Mari zhinji yemafuta inotarirwa nevatengesi vezvinhu . Ndicho chikonzero chinokonzera kuti nei mafuta emitengo akakwirira .
OPEC Members
OPEC iye zvino ine 12 nhengo dzinoshanda. Ecuador yakamisa kushamwaridzana kwayo muna 1992 uye yakadzokazve muna 2009.
| OPEC Country | Akabatanidzwa | Iripo | Oiri Inobudiswa (mbpd) 2015 | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arujeriya | 1969 | Africa | 1.16 | |
| Angora | 2007 | Africa | 1.77 | |
| Ekwadho | 1973 | Central America | 0.54 | |
| Gabhoni | 1975 | Africa | NA | Yakaguma. |
| Indonezhiya | 1962 | Asia | 0.69 | Acharega kusiya pane kutemerwa. |
| Iran | 1960 | Middle East | 3.15 | Ichasimuka ne 0.5 mbpd nekuda kwesungano yenyukireya . |
| Iraki | 1960 | Middle East | 3.5 | Inoda mari yeIraq War . |
| Kuweti | 1960 | Middle East | 2.86 | |
| Ribhiya | 1962 | Middle East | 0.40 | |
| Naijeriya | 1971 | Africa | 1.75 | |
| Kwata | 1961 | Middle East | 0.66 | |
| Saudhi Arabhiya | 1960 | Middle East | 10.19 | Inobereka chetatu chezvikamu. |
| Mubatanidzwa wenyika dzeArab Emirates | 1967 | Middle East | 2.99 | |
| Vhenezwera | 1960 | Central America | 2.65 | Mari dzinokanganisa hurumende. |
| TOTAL OPEC | 32.32 |
Saudi Arabia inonyanya kukohwa, inopa chikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu zveUOPEC mazai ekugadzirwa kwemafuta. Icho chaicho chiri chimiro bedzi chinogadzira zvakakwana zvega kuti zvibatsire hupenyu hwepasi. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, ine simba uye simba kune dzimwe nyika.
OPEC News
Musi waNovember 30, 2017, OPEC yakabvumirana kuramba ichidzivirira 2 muzana yepasi rese inopa mafuta. Icho chinopfuurira chinangwa chayo chakaumbwa musi waNovember 30, 2016, apo yakabvumirana kuderedza michina nemamiriyoni 1,2 emigare. Kutanga munaJanuary 2017, ichabereka mabhiriyoni 32.5 emigiramu pazuva. Izvo zvichiri pamusoro pehuwandu hwehuwandu hwepakati pe 2015 ye 32.32 mbpd. Chibvumirano chakaregesa Nigeria neLibhiya. Yakapa Iraq irudzo dzayo dzokutanga kubvira kuma 1990. Russia , kwete nhengo yeOOPEC, yakazvipira kubvumira kushandiswa.
Mucheka wakauya gore mushure mokunge OPEC yakasimudza chikamu chayo chekugadzira chibage kusvika pa 31.5 mbpd musi waDecember 4, 2015. OPEC yakanga iri kutambura kuchengetedza mugove wemusika. Chikamu chayo chakawira kubva pa44,5 muzana muna 2012 kusvika kune 41.8 muzana muna 2014. Izvi ndezvekuwedzera kwe16% muUnited States shale mafuta ekugadzirwa . Sezvo mafuta ekugadziriswa akasimuka, mitengo yakaderera kubva ku $ 108.54 muna April 2012 kusvika ku $ 34.72 munaDisemba 2015. Icho chaive chimwe chemadonho makuru muhutengo hwemakore .
OPEC yakamirira kuchera mazai emafuta nekuti yakange isingadi kuona chikamu chayo chemusika ichiderera mberi. Inobereka mafuta zvinodhura kudarika kukwikwidza kwayo kweUnited States. Ngoro yacho yakaikurira kunze kwekuti mazhinji emakambani akazununguka akaenda. Izvozvo zvakagadzira chikafu uye kuputika mumafuta e shale.
Nhoroondo
Muna 1960, nyika nhatu dzeOOPEC dzakagadzira kubatana kuti dzigadzirise kupa uye mutengo wamafuta. Nyika idzi dzakaona kuti dzaive nedzimwe sarudzo. Kana vakakwikwidzana nemumwe, mutengo wemafuta waizova wakadzika zvokuti vaizopedza nokukurumidza kupfuura kana mutengo wemafuta waiva wakakwirira.
OPEC yakabata musangano wayo wokutanga wakaita musangano wayo wokutanga, September 10-14, 1960, muBaghdad, Iraq. Nhengo idzi shanu dzaive nhengo dzeIrish, Iraq, Kuwaiti, Saudi Arabia neVenezuela. OPEC yakanyoreswa neUnited Nations November 6, 1962.
OPEC haina kuchinja maronda ayo kusvikira muna 1973 mafuta embargo . Yakabvuma kuerekana ichiderera mubhadharo yeDhora reAmerica mushure mekunge Mutungamiri Nixon asiye tsika yegoridhe . Sezvo zvibvumirano zvemafuta zvinotengeswa mumadhora, mari yevatengesi vemafuta yakawira apo dhora rawa. Mukupindura kudambudziko, United States yakasimbisa Strategic Petroleum Reserve . Nezvimwe, ona Gold Standard History .
Kwete-OPEC Mafuta-Kubudisa Nyika
Vazhinji vasiri nhengo dzeOOPEC vanozvigadzirirawo nokugadzirisa maitiro avo emafuta mukupindurwa kwezvisarudzo zveOOPEC. Mumakore ekuma1990, vakawedzera michina kuti vashandise zvinodzivirira zveOOPEC. Izvozvo zvakaguma nematengo emafuta emafuta uye mari kune wese. Aya nhengo dzisiri pamwe neOOPEC ndiMexico , Norway, Oman neRussia.
Oiri shale varairi havana kudzidza chidzidzo ichocho. Vakaramba vachipemha mafuta, vachitumira mitengo vachiderera muna 2014. Somugumisiro, vazhinji vakaenda pasi pekuparara kwavo-kunyange mutengo we $ 65 murangi. OPEC haina kutora mukati kuitira kuderedza zvigadzirwa. Pane kudaro, yakabvumira kuti mitengo iwire pasi kuti ichengetedze mutengo wayo. Izvozvo ndezvokuti kuputsa-kunyange mutengo kwakadzika zvikuru kune vazhinji vayo mitezo yayo. I $ 7 barrel kuSaudi Arabia uye $ 13 mureza weIraq.
IOOPEC yeGasi reMabhizimisi Emabhizimisi
Inyika Dzekutsvaga Gasi Dhipatimendi isangano rebambirano renyika dzinobudisa gasi rechisikigo. Nhengo dzayo dzinobvisa makumi mana kubva muzana zvegasi rezvisikwa zvenyika uye kutonga 67percent yezvakachengetedzwa. Chinangwa chayo ndechekubvumirana pamusoro pezvinetso zvinotarisana nemagetsi emagetsi. Nhengo dzinobatanidza kuedza kwavo kuchengetedza pfuma yavo. Chinangwa chavo chakataurwa hachirevi kutonga mutengo wegasi rechisikigo.
Kunyange zvakadaro, iyo inogona kunge isingagoneki. Kana nhengo dzeGECF dzichigadzira ngoro, inofambidzana naOOPEC mukukosha kwakakosha.
GECF ine nhengo gumi nemaviri. Russia ndiyo inotungamirira nhengo uye inosanganisira guru guru rekugadzira gasi chaiyo. Iran ine nyika yechitatu yekurisa gasi yakawanda, asi Qatar ine yechina huru dzekuchengetedza. Dzimwe nhengo dzinosanganisira Algeria, Bolivia, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Libya, Nigeria, Trinidad neTobago, United Arab Emirates, uye Venezuela . Iyi nyika minomwe inobatanidzwa sevatariri ndeAzerbaijan, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, uye Peru. Turkmenistan uye Uzbekistan zvakare vakaratidza kufarira.