Chikonzero nei Dollar Yakatsigirwa neGolide
Zita rake rinoramba riri mumutsara wokuti "mupfumi saCroesus."
Mumazuva iwayo, kukosha kwemari yacho kwainge kwakagadzikana chete pane kukosha kwesimbi mukati. Nokudaro, nyika ine goridhe yakawanda yakanga ine pfuma yakawanda. Ndicho chikonzero Spain, Portugal, neEngland vakatumira Columbus nevamwe vanoongorora kuNyika Itsva. Vaida goridhe rakawanda kuitira kuti vagove vapfumi kupfuura mumwe nomumwe.
Nhanganyaya yeGold Standard
Apo goridhe yakawanikwa paSutter's Ranch muna 1848, yakafuridzira Gold Rush kuCalifornia. Izvozvo zvakabatsira kubatanidza kumadokero kweAmerica. Muna 1861, Munyori weHaimari Salmon Chase akadhinda shanduro yekutanga yeUnited States.
Zvechokwadi, pakati pemakore ekuma1800, nyika dzakawanda dzaida kuenzanisa kutengeserana mumusika wekutengeserana kwepasi rese. Vakagamuchira mutemo wegoridhe . Yakavimbisa kuti hurumende ingadai ichidzikinura chero mari yakawanda yemapepa inokosha yegoridhe. Izvozvo zvaireva kutengeswa kwakanga kusisambofaniri kuitwa neheta yegoridhe yakaremara kana mari.
Yakawedzerawo kuvimba kunodiwa kwekutengeserana kwenyika yose. Pepa currency ikozvino yakanga yakaratidza kukosha kwakasungirirwa kune chimwe chinhu chaiicho. Zvinosuruvarisa, mutengo wegoridhe uye mari yemari yakadonha nguva dzose apo vafambisi vatsva vawana guru idzva regoridhe.
Muna 1913, Congress yakagadzira Federal Reserve kuti igare yakagadzirisa goridhe uye mari yemari .
Isati yasimuka uye ichimhanya, Hondo Yenyika I yakapera. Nyika dzeEurope dzakamisa mitemo yegoridhe kuitira kuti inogona kunyora mari yakakwana yekubhadhara hondo yavo. Zvinosuruvarisa, mari yekudhinda yakagadzira hyperinflation . Mushure mokunge hondo, nyika dzakaona kukosha kwekubatanidza mari yavo kune chinhu chinogadziriswa mugoridhe. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, nyika dzakawanda dzakadzokera kune imwe yegoridhe yakashandurwa. (Chinyorwa: "Gold Gold," History.com.)
Kuti Ndarama Yakaita Sei Kuti Kuwedzerwa Kukuru Kuve Kwakanyanya?
Pane imwe nguva Kuora Kwekukuru kunosvika nesimba rakazara, nyika zvakare zvakare yaifanira kusiya tsika yegoridhe. Apo misika yekutengesa yakaparara muna 1929 , vatengesi vakatanga kutengesa mune mari nemari . Sezvo mutengo wegoridhe wakamuka, vanhu vakatsinhanisa mari yavo yegoridhe. Zvakaipisisa apo mabhenji akatanga kutadza. Vanhu vakatanga kutema goridhe nekuti havana kuvimba chero sangano rezvemari.
Sangano reGeral Reserve rakaramba richikwidza chido chekuda . Yakanga iri kuedza kuita mari yakawanda inokosha uye inoita kuti vanhu vasapfuurira kuparadza zvinyorwa zvepaIndaneti. Aya mazinga akakwirira akawedzera kuderedza kuora mwoyo nekuita mari yekuita bhizinesi mari inodhura. Makambani mazhinji akashandura, achiita zvinyorwa zvekushaya basa .
Musi waMarch 3 1933, Mutungamiri Roosevelt achangobva kusarudzwa akavhara mabhenji. Akanga ari kupindura kumhanyiro pane zvigadzirwa zvegoridhe paFree Reserve Bank yeNew York. Pakazosvika mabhenji musi wa13 Marita, vakashandura yose yavo yegoridhe kuenda kuFederal Reserve. Vakanga vasingakwanisi kudzikinura madhora kuti vawane goridhe. Uyezve, hapana aigona kutumira kunze kwegoridhe.
Musi waApril 5, FDR yakaraira vaAmerica kuti vashandure goridhe ravo vachichinjana madhora. Akaita izvi kuti arambidze kusungirwa kwegoridhe, uye kudzikinurwa kwegoridhe kune dzimwe nyika. Izvi zvakagadzira zvigadziro zvegoridhe paH Fort Knox. IUnited States munguva pfupi yakatevera yakatakura huwandu hwegoridhe rakawanda pasi rose. (Kubva: " Kuwedzera uye Kuwa kweGold Standard muUnited States , Cato Institute, June 20, 2013.)
Musi waJanuary 30, 1934, yeGold Reserve Act yakarambidza pfuma yega yega yegoridhe kunze kweiri pasi peisense.
Yakabvumira hurumende kubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo mumadhora, kwete goridhe. Yakabvumira FDR kuti iparadze dhora regoridhe ne40 muzana. Akaita izvi kuburikidza nekuwedzera mutengo wegoridhe, wakanga uri $ 20,67 pamakore makumi maviri, kusvika pa $ 35 paawa. Nzvimbo dzehurumende dzegoridhe dzehurumende dzakawedzera muhuwandu kubva pa $ 4.033 mabhiriyoni kusvika ku $ 7.348 mabhiriyoni. Izvi zvakanyatsogadzirisa dhora nemakumi matanhatu kubva muzana. (Zvinyorwa: "Zvakaitwa naFrancis Roosevelt zvakavanzika zvakagadzirirwa sei Gold Gold," Bloomberg, March 21, 2013. "Gold Policy muma1930," FEE.org.)
Dambudziko rekudarika rakaguma muna 1939. Izvozvo zvakabvumira nyika kudzokera shure pamusoro pemaitiro egoridhe akashandurwa.
Bvumo yeBretton Woods ye1944 yakaisa kukosha kwekutsinhanisa kwemari yese maererano negoridhe. Izvo zvinosungirwa nhengo dzenyika kuti dzishandure kune dzimwe nyika hurumende holdings dzedzidzo dzavo mugoridhe pane idzi zvinyorwa. Ndarama yakaiswa pa $ 35 paununun. Nokuwedzera, ona Gold Price History .
IUnited States yakabata yakawanda yegoridhe renyika. Somugumisiro, nyika dzakawanda dzakangotarisa kukoshesa kwemari yavo kune dhora panzvimbo yegoridhe. Central mabhangi akachengetedzwa kushandiswa kwekushandura mazana pakati pemari yavo uye idhora. Vakaita izvi nokutenga mari yavo yenyika yavo mune dzimwe nyika dzenyika dzekune dzimwe nyika kana mari yavo yakava yakaderera zvikuru kusvika kudhora. Kana ikava yakakwirira kwazvo, ingadhinda mamwe emari yavo uye ichiitengesa. Nokuda kwekuti izvi zvinoshanda sei, ona Peg kune Dollar .
Somugumisiro, nyika dzakawanda hadzina kudikanwa kutengesa mari yavo yegoridhe. Dhora racho rakanga ratsiva iyo. Somugumisiro, kukosha kwedhora kwakakura kunyange zvazvo kukosha kwayo mugoridhe kwakaramba kuchifanana. Izvi zvakaita kuti dhora reUnited States rive mari yepasi rose . (Nhoroondo: "Nhoroondo yeGolide," National Mining Association.)
Mugumo weGold Standard
Muna 1960, US yakabata $ 19.4 mabhiriyoni mune zvigadziro zvegoridhe, kusanganisira $ 1.6 mabhiriyoni mu International Monetary Fund . Izvo zvakanga zvakakwana kuvhara $ 18,7 mabhiriyoni mune zvekunze kwemadhora.
Asi sezvo hupfumi hweUnited States hwakabudirira, vaAmerica vakatenga zvinhu zvakawanda zvakatengeswa, vachibhadhara madhora. Iyi hurukuro yemari yekubhadhara mari inoshungurudza hurumende dzenyika dzekune imwe nyika kuti United States yaisazosimudza zvakare dhora iri negoridhe.
Uyezve, Soviet Union yakanga yava guru guru rekugadzira mafuta. Yakanga iri kuunganidza mari yeUnited States muzvivigiro zvayo zvekunze sezvo mafuta inotengeswa mumadhora. Yakanga ichitya kuti United States ingadai ichishandisa mabhizimisi ayo ebhanki senyanzvi muCold War. Nokudaro, USSR yakaisa dhora rayo mumadhenari eEurope. Aya akazozivikanwa se eurodollars.
Pakazosvika 1970, United States yakabata $ 14.5 biliyoni negoridhe ichirwisana nedhora rekuda mari ye $ 45.7 bhiriyoni. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutungamiri weMutungamiri Nixon wezvehupfumi hwakanga hwakagadzira matanho. Izvi zvakapetwa kaviri-tarakimu iyo yakaderedza kukosha kwe eurodollar. Mabhanga akawanda uye akawedzera akatanga kudzikinura zvigaro zvavo zvegoridhe. IUnited States yaisagona kusanganazve nechisimba ichi chiri kukura. (Mhedziso: "Kuchinja kweMusika weExpx," OANDA.)
Nzira yegoridhe yakaguma musi waAugust 15, 1971. Ndiyo apo Nixon yakachinja huraire / hutano hwegoridhe kusvika pa $ 38 paawa. Akasazobvumira Fed kuti idzikinure madhora negoridhe. Izvozvo zvakaita kuti ndarama isinganzwisisiki. Hurumende yeUnited States yakaisa goridhe ku $ 42 paawa rimwe nerimwe muna 1973, ndokubva yanyora kukosha kwedhora kubva kune goridhe rose muna 1976. Mutengo wegoridhe wakakurumidza kuputirwa kusvika madhora zana nemakumi maviri pamusika . (Zvinyorwa: Craig K. Elwell, " Nhoroondo Pfupi yeGold Standard muUnited States ," Congressional Research Service, Gumiguru 3, 2011. "Kurwisana NeDorlar Kuyera," Nguva, Gumiguru 4, 1971.)
Kana imwe nguva iyo yegoridhe yakaderedzwa, nyika dzakatanga kushandura mamwe akawanda emari yavo. Kuwedzera kwepaburiro kwaiwanzoitika, asi chikamu chikuru chekusiya chiyero chegoridhe chakasimbisa hupfumi huzhinji.
Asi ndarama haina kumbobvira yarasa kukwidza kwayo sechinhu chaicho chaicho chinokosha. Chero pose apo kushaya mari kana kutengesa kwezvokudya kunowedzera, vatengesi vanodzokera kugoridhe senzvimbo yakachengeteka. Yakasvika pakurongwa kwayo yakadarika $ 1,895 imwechete paSeptember 5, 2011.