Iyo FDR Inoparadza Sei Kuora Kwekukuru
Nhasi, une FDR yekuonga nekuda kweSocial Security, mamiriyoni emari muUnited States , mitemo yebasa revana uye inshuwarisi yebhangi yako yebhadha.
Great Depression
FDR yakakunda sarudzo nekupikira kutora matanho ose anodiwa ekugumisa kuora mwoyo. Akatanga kuzivikanwa neChnesian economic theory, iyo yakati hurumende inoshandiswa ichawedzera kukura kwehupfumi.
Kuora mwoyo kwakanga kwavamba makore mana zvisati zvaitika nehutengesi hwemabhizimisi muna 1929 . Sezvo matokisi akarasikirwa nehuwandu, vatengesi vanoshandiswa kugoridhe. Sezvo mutengo wegoridhe wakamuka, vanhu vakadzikinura madhora avo nokuda kwayo. Izvozvo zvakabvumirwa panguva iyoyo nokuti United States yakanga ichiri pamutambo wegoridhe.
Munguva pfupi, mabhenji akatanga kutadza, achimanikidzira munhu wese kuti agadzire sirivha inokosha. Kuora mwoyo kwakaipisisa apo Federal Reserve yakasimudza mitengo yekutarisira kudzivirira kukosha kwedhora.
Mutungamiri Hoover haana kuita zvishoma kuti apindire, achitenda kuti hupfumi huchazviporesa. Pane kudaro, yakawedzera. Panguva yegore remutungamiri wehutungamiri, hupfumi hunopisa kupfuura 10 muzana. Iko kushaya kwehupfumi kwakasvika kusvika 25 muzana.
Izvo zvakanga zviri zvimwe zvezviitiko zveHukuru Kudenga .
MuInaugural Speech, FDR yakabatanidza vanhu veAmerica kuti vatsigire mari yakawanda yehurumende .
Rudzi urwu rukuru rucharamba ruchitsungirira sezvo rwakatsungirira, ruchadzoka uye ruchabudirira. Saka, kutanga kwezvose, regai ndiratidze kutenda kwangu kwakasimba kuti chinhu bedzi chatinofanira kutya ndicho kutya pachako -kusina zita, kusingafungi, kusagadzikana kunotyisa kunokonzera kuedza kushandura kudzokera mberi. Mune nguva yose yerima yehupenyu hwedu hwehupfumi hutungamiri hwechokwadi uye simba hwakasangana nekunzwisisa nekusigirwa kwevanhu ivo pachavo izvo zvinokosha pakukunda. Ndine chokwadi chokuti iwe uchazopazve rubatsiro kune hutungamiri mumazuva ano akaoma.
Chinhu chekutanga chakaitwa neDRR chaive pedyo nemabhanki kuti vadzivise vatengesi vekune dzimwe nyika kuti vasaita mari yegolide yeAmerica. Mazuva gumi gare gare, mabhanga anovhurwazve mushure mekuisa mari yavo yose neHeral Reserve Reserve. (Kubva: " Kuwedzera uye Kuwa kweGold Standard muU.S. " Cato Institute, June 20, 2013.)
Zvadaro, mutungamiri mutsva akaraira vagari vemo kuti vashandise mari ipi neipi yegoridhe kubhangi iri pedyo nekuchinjana nemadhora. Muna 1934, FDR yakatora United States kubva kune yegoridhe yakazara zvachose. Dhora racho rakakurumidza kuwira ne60 muzana. Izvozvo zvakabvumira hurumende kushandura mari yakawanda sezvaidiwa kusimbisa kukura kwehupfumi, sezvo mari yakanga isina kusungwa negoridhe. Nezvimwe, ona History of the Gold Standard .
New Deal
FDR yakasaina New Deal mutemo mumazuva ake zana ekutanga. Icho chaive chisati chavepo kupindira kwehurumende. Yakagadzira masangano matsva 42, kusanganisira Social Security, Securities and Exchange Commission , uye Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Chinangwa chavo chakanga chiri chokuumba mabasa, kuchengetedza mazai uye kuchengetedza unionization.
Ko Itsva Idzva rakakundikana kumisa kuora mwoyo here? Zvinoratidzika kudaro, sezvo zvakatora Hondo Yenyika II kuti iwane urombo pasi pe15 muzana. Asi FDR yakagura Nhepfenyuro Idzva muna 1937 kuti ienzanise bhajeti.
Izvozvo zvakanga zvakakurumidza. Ikoko kwakanga kusina kuvimba kwakakwana mune zvezvehupfumi panguva iyoyo. Iyo Kuora mwoyo kwakadzoka nekutsiva gore rinotevera. Nokuda kwezvimwe, Muganhu weGreat Depression .
WWII
FDR yaiziva kuti United States yaizofanira kupinda muHondo Yenyika II. Muna 1939, Hitler akapinda muPoland. FDR yakaita kuti Congress inobvumira United States kutumira zvombo zvehondo kuFrance neBrithani. Muna 1940, Hitler akakunda France ndokutanga kuputika kweLondon. Congress yakadzorerazve mauto ehondo. FDR yakawedzera bhajiro yezvokudzivirira . Kuti aibhadhara, akasimudza mutero wepamusoro wemutero kune 81 muzana. (Kubva: "Hondo Yenyika II," University of George Washington.)
Musi waDecember 7, 1941, Japan rakarwa nehombe yeUnited States Navy paPearl Harbor. Hondo yeHondo inowedzera kudarika chikwereti ichi kusvika $ 23 biliyoni. Pakazosvika 1943, chikwereti ichi katatu kusvika $ 64 biliyoni.
Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotaura nezvehupfumi hwekushandisa mari yehondo. Vanoti izvi zvakagumisa kuora mwoyo. Asi kudengenyeka kwakaguma muna 1937 nekuda kweNew Deal kushandisa. Kana FDR yakashandisa zvakawanda izvozvi paNew Deal, kudengenyeka kwaizove kwakapera nokukurumidza kupfuura zvaiita. Chero nguva ipi iyo hurumende inotora chikwereti ichi, ichabatsira hupfumi. Hazvifanirwi kuva mari yekushandisa zvehondo.
FDR Rufu
Kushushikana kweWWII kwaipfeka Roosevelt kunze. Muna 1944, vanachiremba vake vakawana moyo uye zvirwere zvekubuda uye vakamuisa pazvokudya zvakaoma. Yakanga ichinonoka. FDR yakatambudzwa zvikuru pazororo muWarm Springs, Georgia musi waApril 12, 1945. Mukadzikadzi wekutanga Eleanor Roosevelt aitaura mutauro kuWashington DC Vanachiremba vakamirira kusvikira mushure mokutaura kuzomuudza nezvekufa kwake. Akaronga mariro, kusanganisira chitima chinononoka kutakura bhokisi rake kubva kuWarm Springs kusvika kuWashington. Akavigwa mu Rose Rose yeimba yake paHyde Park, New York. (Nhasi: "Zuva iri muNhoroondo," History.com. "Franklin D. Roosevelt," WhiteHouse.gov.)
Makore Ekutanga eDRR
FDR yakaberekerwa muna 1882 paHyde Park, New York, ikava mumhuri yakafuma. Akagamuchira B BA kubva kuHarvard muna 1903 uye akadzidza mutemo kuColumbia. Muna 1905, akaroora Eleanor Roosevelt, muzukuru wechifananidzo chake Mutungamiri Theodore Roosevelt. Akapfuura bharu muna 1907 uye akaita mutemo kwemakore matatu asati ava nhengo yedare reNew York.
Mutungamiri Wilson akamugadza Munyori Munyori weNavy (1913-1920) uye Mutungamiri weDemocratic for Vice President wegore ra1920. Titi yake yakarasikirwa neRepublican Warren Harding.
Zuva rinotevera, akawana poliyo. Kuparara kwemuviri kwakamanikidza kuti ashandise mabhesi uye gumbo rechikwama kwehupenyu hwake hwose. Akabatsira kuwana March weDeses, akawana kurapa kweporiyo.
Akasarudzwa Gavhuna weNew York muna 1928. Achitevera kudzorerwa kwake muna 1930, akatanga mutambo wake weHurezidhendi muna 1932. (Chinhu: FDR Library.)
FDR Timeline
| Gore | GDP Kukura | Jobless Rate (December) | Chikwereti (mumabhiriyoni) | Chii chakaitika |
| 1933 | -1.3% | 24.9% | $ 23 | New Deal |
| 1934 | 10.8% | 21.7% | $ 27 | Chikwereti chakasimuka |
| 1935 | 8.9% | 20.1% | $ 29 | 2nd Deal Deal |
| 1936 | 12.9% | 16.9% | $ 34 | Kurera mitero |
| 1937 | 5.1% | 14.3% | $ 36 | 2nd term. Kuora mwoyo kwakadzoka |
| 1938 | -3.3% | 19% | $ 37 | Kuora mwoyo kwakaguma |
| 1939 | 8.0% | 17.2% | $ 40 | Kusanaya kwakaguma |
| 1940 | 8.8% | 14.6% | $ 43 | US draft |
| 1941 | 17.7% | 9.9% | $ 49 | 3rd term. Pearl Harbor |
| 1942 | 18.9% | 4.7% | $ 72 | |
| 1943 | 17.0% | 1.9% | $ 137 | Mhirizhonga inorwisa Italy |
| 1944 | 8.0% | 1.2% | $ 201 | Bretton-Woods |
| 1945 | -1.0% | 1.9% | $ 259 | 4th term. WWII yakapera |
Resources for Table
- Uwandu hweHurumende hwegore rose, BLS.
- National Revenue and Product Accounts Tables: Tafura 1.1.5. Zita rokuti GDP, Tafura 1.1.1. GDP Growth Rate, BEA.
- Kudzoka Nhoroondo .
- Great Depression Timeline .
- US Headlines by Year, InfoPlease.
- Nguva yekutambudzika kukuru, Cal Poly College.
- FDR Heritage Timeline of Events
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