Nhepfenyuro Itsva Summary, Programs, Policies, uye kubudirira Kwaro

by Kimberly Amadeo

Nzira Nhanhatu Dzinoshamisa Zvinoshandiswa Nezvitsva Zvinokuita Iwe Nhasi

Izwi reNew Deal nderomutemo wezvehupfumi Franklin D. Roosevelt akatanga kupedza Great Depression . MaAmerica, akarohwa ne25 muzana yehurombo, kusanaya kwemarara uye madhawi emabhanki ekukundikana, akagamuchira kuponeswa kwehurumende.

FDR yakarongedza Idzva Idzva rekuchinja kuderedza kwehupfumi hwehupfumi. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kuponesa, kugadzirisa, nekugadzirisa, kune avo vakanga vakaoma zvakaoma.

Policies

FDR yakatanga iyo New Deal mumatambo matatu kubva muna 1933-1939.

Congress yakapedza mapurogiramu 47 ekusimudzira mari yeUnited States. Vakapa hurumende kune varimi uye mabasa kune vasingashandi.Vakavakawo hurumende yega-hurumende kuwedzera kukura.

Shanduro itsva yeDRR yakagadzirisa hutungamiri hweChnesian wezvemari . Zvakati hurumende inoshandisa mari inogona kupedza kuora mwoyo kuburikidza nekuita kuti vashandi vanoda . Izwi reNew Deal rakanga riri kure kwazvo kubva kuMutungamiri Hoover "... musanzwi-hapana, musaona-hapana, musingaiti chero hurumende," kushorwa neRDR mumakore ekuma1936 ekutaurirana.

Hoover akaita mitemo ye-laif-faire . Akatenda kuti mari yepamusi yemari yaizozvigadzirisa. Sezvo kudzvinyirirwa kwaipfeka , hurumende yemari yakawa, saka Hoover akacheka mari. Akasayira mutero we Smoot-Hawley kuti uchengetedze ma US industries. Akatenda kuti bhizimisi ribudirire raizoputsira pasi kune munhu akawandisa. Pane kudaro, kuora mwoyo kwakaipisisa.

Kutanga Kuita Zvitsva uye Zvirongwa Zvaro

Roosevelt yakavhurwa musi waMarch 4, 1933.

Mumazuva ake zana ekutanga muhofisi, FDR yakasundira Congress kuti ipfuure masangano matsva nemitemo 16. Pamwe chete, vakasika "capitalism nekuchengeteka mambure uye rubatsiro," maererano nomunyori wenhau dzakaitika Lawrence Davidson.

Emergency Banking Act - March 9: FDR yakavhara mabhizinesi ose pakarepo paakavhurwa kuti amire mabhanki anomhanya. Yakagadzirirwa pamhanho huru. Sangano rinokosha reCongress rakapedza mutemo uyu mumaawa manomwe nehafu. Uyu Mutemo wakabvumira mabhengi kuti aite zvakare kana vaongorori vakavawana kuti vane mari yakachengeteka. Mabhanga zviuru zvishanu anodhindurwa mumazuva matatu anotevera.

Hurumende Economy Act - March 20: Cheka mubhadharo wehurumende nevashandi vechiuto ne15 muzana. Cheka mari yehurumende ne25 muzana. I $ 1 bhiriyoni yakachengetedzwa yakaenda kunobhadhara hurongwa hweNew Deal.
Bhuku rewaini-Revenue Act - March 22: Kupedzisira kurambidzwa uye kutengesa kudhakwa kwekutengesa doro, kukwidza mari yehurumende.
Civil Conservation Corps - March 31: Vakashandisa mamiriyoni 3 vashandi mumakore gumi anotevera kuti vagare pasi pevanhu. Vakasima masango, vakavaka mafashamo emvura uye migwagwa yakachengetwa nemigwagwa.
Kubviswa kweGold Standard - April 19: FDR yakamira kumhanyira pamusoro pesimbi inokosha. Akarayira munhu wese kuti atengese goridhe rose yemadhora.
Federal Emergency Relief Act - May 12: Kubhadhara mabasa akasiyana-siyana mune zvekurima, zvigadzirwa, kuvaka, uye dzidzo.
Chirongwa chekurima kwechirimwa - May 12: Kubhadhara varimi kuti vadzivise zvirimwa. Nhamba dzezvirimwa dzakaderedzwa muna 1937 dzakaderedzwa. Dzakatambudzwa neDare Repamusoro muna 1935 nokuti yakabhadhara mitero, ndokupa mari kuvarimi. Izvozvo zvakagadziriswa muna 1938.
Emergency Farm Mortgage Act - May 12: Yakapa zvikwereti kuti zvichengetedze mapurazi kubva pakuzivikanwa.
Tennessee Valley Authority Mutemo - May 18: Zvivako zvekuvakwa zvakagadzirwa muTennessee Valley, nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha munyika.
Securities Act - May 27: Makambani anodiwa kuti apiwe ruzivo kuvashambadzi vasati vapa zvigadzirwa.

Kuregererwa kweGood Payment Mutsetse - June 5: Hurumende haisisinazve kubhadhara madhora negoridhe.
Vashandi Vekumba Refinancing Act - Gumiguru 13: Yakagadziridza VaImba VeNhepfenyuro yeMari yavanogara yakagadziridza mari dzekunamatira kudzivirira foreclosures. Yakapawo mari yakawanda kune vanotenga chikwereti. Apo yakavharwa muna 1935, yakashandura dzimba mamiriyoni imwechete (20 muzana yezvose zvikwereti zvemaguta).
Girazi-Steagall Banking Mutemo - June 16: Kuparadzaniswa kwemari kubhadhara mabhizimusi kubva kumabhangi ekutengesa , izvo zvakaita kuti mabanho asashandise mari yekuisa mari yekutengesa mari. Yakapa mutemo wemabhengi ekutengesa kuFederal Reserve, yakarambidzwa mabhizimisi ekutengesa kwevimbiso , uye yakagadzira Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Yakapiwa muna 1999 neGram-Leach-Bliley Act .
National Industrial Recovery Act - Chikunguru 16: Ita Hurongwa hweHurumende yeMabasa ekugadzira mabasa ehurumende, saSan Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge uye Triborough Bridge yeNew York City. Yakasika National Recovery Administration. Iko kubviswa kwebasa kwevana, yakagadziriswa mubayiro we $ 1.25, uye inogumira zuva rebasa kusvika maawa masere. Yakapa hurumende dzehurumende kodzero yepamutemo yekukurukura nevashandi. Izvo zvakanzi hazvienderani nemutemo muna 1935.

Emergency Railroad Transportation Act - Chikunguru 16: Kuedza kurongedza nzira dzezvitima zvepasi pose, kuderedza kudzokorora nekuvandudza kubatsirwa kune makambani ezvitima. Yakapera muna 1935.
Civil Works Administration - November 8: Akagadzira mabasa emamiriyoni mana ekubhadhara zvakakwirira pakuvaka. Maguta nemataundi aifanira kuwedzera kune $ 400 mamiriyoni muhurumende yemari. Congress yakarambidza muna 1934 nemhaka yemari.

Muna 1934, vashandi vezvemabhizimisi vakazvidzivirira vakatsoropodza Ita Deal sekuvewo zvemasimba evanhu. Vamwe, saLobertana vezvematongerwo enyika Huey Long, vakati hazvina kuita zvakakwana kune varombo. Kunyange zvakadaro, FDR yakatsvaga nokuda kwezvirongwa izvi zvakare:

Mutemo weGold Reserve - January 30: FDR inorambidza hupfumi hwehuori hwega. Akawedzera mutengo wegoridhe kune $ 35 paawa imwechete, kubva pa $ 20,67 paawa imwe neimwe kwaive yave kwemakore zana. Izvozvo zvinoda kusvika kaviri kukosha kwegoridhe yakaitwa muH Fort Knox kubva pa $ 4.033 mabhiriyoni kusvika ku $ 7,348 mabhiriyoni, zvichiita kuti US igove guru guru renyika.
National Housing Act - Gumiguru 27: Yakasimbiswa neHeral Housing Housing (FHA) iyo inopa Federal inshuwarheni yezvikwereti.
Securities Exchange Act - Yakagadzirirwa Securities and Exchange Commission, iyo inotonga mashizha uye mushambadziro.
Federal Communications Act - Yakabatanidza mitemo yose yehurumende yefoni, telegraph, uye redhiyokutarisa pasi pe Federal Federal Commission.

Zvirongwa zveChipiri Zvitsva

Muna 1935, Dare Repamusorosoro rakarovera National Industrial Recovery Act. Achinetseka kuti mamwe mapurogiramu aizobviswawo, FDR yakatanga rutivi rwechipiri rwezvirongwa zveNew Deal. Izvi zvakatarira pakupa mamwe mabasa kune varombo, vasina basa uye varimi. FDR yakataura nezvekubatsira "... mamiriyoni asina kumbova nemukana - varume vane muhomba wekushaya nzara, vakadzi vari mu sweatshops, vana vari kusununguka."

Kuchengetedza kwenyika & Domestic Allotment Act - February 26: Vakapa varimi kudyara mbeu yekuvaka ivhu, sehairi uye uswa, kurwisa Dust Bowl .
Emergency Relief Appropriation - April 8: Kudzorerwa FERA uye kwakabhadhara mari itsva yeMabasa Progress Administration ne $ 5 mamiriyoni. Yakashandisa vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 8.5 kuvaka mabhiriji, migwagwa, zvivako zvevanhu vose, mapaki evanhu, uye mapurisa. Yakabhadhara artists kuti vagadzire murumbwe 2,566 uye zvikamu 17 744 zvekuveza kuti zvikomborere mabasa evanhu.
Rural Electrification Act - May 20: Yakapa zvikwereti kumakambani ekurima kuti awane magetsi kumaruwa avo.
National Labor Relations Act / Wagner Mutemo - July: Kudzivirira kodzero yevashandi kuronga nekugadzirisa mamiriro ekushanda, kana kusina kubatana, uye yakagadzira National Labor Relations Board.
Resettlement Act: Created Resettlement Administration iyo varimi vakarovedzwa uye vakagadziriswa mabasa ekugadzirisa chikwereti. Yakatenga mahekita gumi gumi nemazana emakiromita emasitima epasi pevhu uye yakabhadhara varimi kuti vashandure iyo kumafuro, kuchengetedza, kana mapaki. Yakagadzirisa varimi kunyika yakanaka uye yakavadzidzisa kuchengetedza kwemazuva ano uye nzira dzokurima.
Social Security Act - August: Akagadzira Social Security Trust Fund neHurumende kupa zvipo kune vakwegura, mapofu, vakaremara uye vana vari mumhuri dzine mari shoma.

Zvitatu Zvokuita Zvitsva Zvirongwa

Muna 1937, FDR yakabudisa Chetatu Chiitiko Chitsva. Kunyange zvakadaro, ainetseka pamusoro pekukwereta kwebhajheji, saka haana kuibhadhara sezvakaitwa nemaviri apfuura.

United States Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall Act): Kubhadhara mamiriro ehupfumi emagariro ehurumende.
Bonneville Power Administration: Kununurwa uye kutengeswa simba kubva kuBonneville Dam, iyo yakavakwa nePWA, pedyo nePortland Oregon.
Farm Farm Tenant Act: Created Farmers 'Home Corporation kupa zvikwereti kune varimi vashandi kutenga minda yavo.
Purazi Sangano Rokuchengetedza: Rakatsiva Resettlement Administration kupa zvikwereti uye kudzidziswa kune varimi.

Izvozvo zvakapera muNew Deal kushandiswa zvakakonzera upfumi zvakare kuDambudziko. FDR yakurudzira Congress kuti ipe purogiramu yemabhiriyoni emadhora mabhiriyoni mashanu, iyo yaiva ne:

Federal National Mortgage Association : Inodzosera mari yekugadzirisa pamusika wechipiri kuti ipe mari yakawanda yemabhengi ekukweretesa.
New Agricultural Adjustment Act: Yakagadziriswa 1933 AAA.
Fair Labor Standards Act: Yakagadziriswa mubhadharo weUnited Minimum , kubhadhara nguva yakawanda, kucherechedza-kuchengetedza, uye vechidiki maitiro emabasa.

Muna 1939, FDR yakatanga Federal Federal Agency. Yakapiwa Social Security, federal dzidzo yekubhadhara mari, uye zvokudya uye kuchengetedza zvinodhaka. Congress yakarambidza muna 1953.

Sei Chiitiko Chitsva Chakabudirira

Shanduro Itsva yakashanda. Mushure mekunge FDR yakatanga yekutanga yeNew Deal, hupfumi hwakakura 10,8 muzana muna 1934. Apo yechipiri New Deal yakabudiswa, hupfumi hwakawedzera 8.9 muzana muna 1935 uye 12,9 muzana muna 1936. Mushure mekunge FDR yakagadzirisa mari yehurumende muna 1937, hupfumi hwakabata 3.3 percent.

Kubvira muna 1932, gore risati rasvika reNew Deal, kusvika muna 1941, apo US inopinda muhondo, chikwereti ichi chakakwira ne $ 3 bhiriyoni. Gore rakatevera, kushandiswa kwezvidziviriro kunowedzera chikamu ichi chakawedzerwa kune chikwereti ne $ 23 biliyoni inodonha. Nhamba yacho yakawedzerwa katatu kune $ 64 mabhiriyoni muna 1943. Kana zvizhinji zvakadaro zvave zvichishandiswa mugore rokutanga reNew Deal, zvingadai zvakagumisa kuora mwoyo ipapo ipapo.

Vamwe vanoti New Deal haina kushanda nokuti Kuora mwoyo kwave kwakapera kwemakore gumi. Vanotaura kuti kushandiswa kwezvokudzivirira muHondo Yenyika II ndiyo chete chinhu chakagumisa kuora mwoyo. Asi kana FDR yakashandisa mari yakafanana neNew Deal sezvaakaita muhondo, ingadai yakagumisa kuora mwoyo.

New Deal programs yakagadzirisa kudarika kwebhizimisi. Pamberi peNhepfenyuro Itsva (1797-1929), pakanga pane makumi matatu makumi maviri nemaviri ekuderera kwezvemari, makumi maviri nemaviri ekudzoka, mairi mana uye mazana manomwe emabhanki anomhanya uye zvinotyisa. Vakakonzera makore 60 emakore 132 akafukidzirwa. Kudzokorora kwakanga kwakanyanya kudarika kudarika ivo nhasi nokuti kwakanga kusina New Deal masangano ehurumende ekudzivirira uori, unyengeri, uye kushandiswa.

Kubvira paWWII, pane zviitiko gumi nezviviri zvakabatanidzwa zvakakanganisa makore gumi nemakumi matanhatu chete. Vakanga vakaoma kupfuura avo kare, nekuda kwekuchengetedzwa kwemambure eNew Dea l.

Maitiro Akaitwa Nesva Itsva Angave Akadzivirira Hondo Yenyika II

Funga izvi. FDR yakapedza makumi matatuzve muna 1943 pahondo kupfuura zvaakaita muna 1933 paNew Deal. Ikoko kwakanga kusina kupikiswa pamari yehondo sezvo kwaive kune mari yekushandisa mari. Hapana ainetseka pamusoro pekushaya mari kwemari apo nyika yainetseka pamusoro pekutonga kweHitler kwehondo. Zvisinei, kunetseka pamusoro pekusara kwebhajheji kwakaparadza Nhamba Itsva kubva pakugumisa dambudziko rekudengenyeka kwehupfumi hwepasi rese . Sei kutyisidzirwa kwemauto kunopa rubatsiro rwevanhu vakawanda kupfuura hupfumi?

Kana FDR yakashandisa zvakanyanya kuNew Deal muna 1933 sezvaakaita muhondo muna 1943, ingadai yakagumisa kuora mwoyo kuburikidza nekugadzira mabasa, kuda, uye kukura kwezvehupfumi. Kushungurudzika kwekutambudzika kwakabatsira vanhu veGermany kuisa maNazi neHitler simba. Kana FDR neNew Deal zvapedza Kuora Kwemakore mukutanga kwema1930, iU.S. ingadai yakashandura zvigadziriswa zvayo nokukurumidza kubatsira vabatsiri vayo, Great Britain, neFrance. Ingadai yakaderera, kana isingadziviri, Hondo Yenyika II.

New Deal Timeline

1929. Hoover akava Mutungamiri. Masoko emakambani ekuputsika muna October akachera Kuora mwoyo. $ 1 bhiriyoni inopfuura. Kushaya basa kwe 3.2 muzana.

1930. Congress yakapa mutero we Smoot-Hawley kuchengetedza mabasa. Kutengesa vashandi vanotsiva, kutyaira kwenyika kutengeserana pasi 65 muzana. Upfumi hwakabvumirana ne8,5 muzana, kusashanda kwakasvika kusvika pa8,7 muzana. Imwe $ 1 bhiriyoni inopfuura.

1931. Fed yakawedzera mitero yekudzivirira chiyero chegoridhe, kuwedzera kuora mwoyo. Upfumi hwakabatana ne6,4 muzana, kusashanda kwemabasa kwakawedzera kusvika ku15,9 muzana, uye chikwereti chakawedzera ne $ 1 bhiriyoni.

1932. FDR yakasvitsa paNew Deal zvivimbiso. Upfumi hwakabvumirana ne12,9 muzana, uye kushaiwa kwemabasa kwakawedzera kusvika 23.6 muzana. Mari yepasi inowedzera. $ 3 bhiriyoni kusvika kune chikwereti.

1933. FDR yakashanda kuhofisi, pakarepo ikatanga mapurogiramu 16 muChishanu New Deal. Akawedzera $ 3 biliyoni kuti awane chikwereti. Kushungurudzika kwakatanga kusimudza, sezvo hupfumi hwakangobata chete 1.3 muzana. Ushaiwe hwakasimuka kusvika ku24.9%.

1934. Upfumi hwakakura 10,8 muzana, uye kushaya mabasa kwakasvika kusvika 21,7 muzana. $ 5 bhiriyoni yakawedzerwa kune chikwereti.

1935. FDR yakatanga 2nd Deal Deal, ichiwedzera $ 2 bhiriyoni kuti iwane chikwereti. Imari yakakura 8.9 kubva muzana, uye kushaya basa kwakasvika kusvika ku20.1 muzana.

1936. Upfumi hwakakura 12,9 muzana, kuderedza kusasikirwa kwe16,9 muzana. $ 5 bhiriyoni yakawedzerwa kune chikwereti.

1937. FDR yakatanga 2th term. Kutya kukanganisa kwemari, akacheka kushandisa mari, achingowedzera $ 3 mabhiriyoni kuti aite chikwereti, pasinei nokukwira kunze kweTest New Deal. Upfumi hwakakura huwandu hwe1%, uye kushaya basa kwakasvika kusvika 14.3 muzana.

1938. Hapanazvezve New Deal mitemo yakapfuura. Kutenga kwakatemwa, saka $ 1 bhiriyoni chete yakawedzerwa kune chikwereti. Ubasa hwakasimuka kusvika 19 muzana. Upfumi hunokonzera 3.3 muzana.

1939. Dongo Bowl yakaoma. US akashandisa kuvaka mauto eEurope akapinda muWWII, achiwedzera $ 3 bhiriyoni kuti awane chikwereti. Upfumi huri kuwedzera 8,0 kubva muzana, kusashanda kwakasvika ku17.2 muzana.

1940. Ushayi hwakawira kusvika ku14,6 muzana sezvo US inotanga basa racho. FDR yakakunda kugadzirisa zvakare. Akabatsira Great Britain nokutumira zvombo, achiwedzera $ 3 biliyoni kuti awane chikwereti. Pfuma yakawedzera 8.8 kubva muzana.

1941. FDR yakatanga mutambo wechitatu. Japan yakarwisa Pearl Harbor munaDecember. US yakapinda WWII. Kutenga kwakabvisa kuora mwoyo, kuwedzera $ 6 mabhiriyoni kuti uwane chikwereti. Pfuma yakawedzera 17,7 muzana, kusashanda kwakasvika kusvika 9,9 muzana.

1942. Ushayi hwakawira kusvika ku4,7 muzana apo hupfumi hwakakura 18,9 muzana. Mari yeHondo yakawedzera $ 23 bhiriyoni kuti iwane chikwereti.

1943. Hondo yakawedzera $ 64 mabhiriyoni kune chikwereti. Kuwedzera kweGDP kwaive 17.0 muzana, kusashanda kwakasvika kusvika ku1,9 muzana. Italy yakazvipira.

1944. Kuwedzera kweGDP kwaiva 8,0 muzana, kushaya mabasa kwaive ne2 muzana. Bvumirano yeBretton-Woods yakaita dhora iri mari yepasi rose .

1945. FDR vakafa munaEpril. Truman akava Mutungamiri. Wakawedzera $ 58 mabhiriyoni kuti awane chikwereti. Germany yakazvipira muna May. Truman akakanda bhomba renyukireya muna August. Japan yakazvipira munaSeptember, ichipedzisa WWII. Upfumi hwakabvumirana ne 1.0%. Ushayi hwemabasa hwakakwira kusvika pa9,9 muzana semasoja akadzoka kumusha.

Nzira Nhatu Iyo Itsva Idzva Inokubata Iwe Nhasi

Zvizhinji zvezvirongwa zveNew Deal zvichiri kuchengetedza mari yako nhasi. Vane mazita mana anonzi Social Security, mubhadharo wechidiki, Securities uye Exchange Commission , uye Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Purogiramu yeSocial Security inopa mari yakawanikwa kune vashandi vakabhadhara muhurongwa. Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva nezvekubhadhara mari inobhadhara mari iyo inogona kuwedzererwa kumudzimai wekusununguka. Asi Social Security inobhadharawo zvipo zvekuremara kune vanofanirwa kubhadhara vanove vakaremara vasati vasvika kumakore ekurasikirwa. Inobhadhara vana, inopona vakaroorana, uye vabereki vanovimba nevanobatsiri vanofanirwa vanofa kana kuti vakaremara. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinotobhadhara zvikwereti kune vakaroora vakaroorana. Panewo chirongwa cheAdhealthal Security Income chinopa zvipo kune vana vakaremara nevakuru vane mari shoma. Panewo chirongwa chakakosha cheZvibatsiro zveNyika yeHondo yeHondo II.

Iko mari shoma ndeyemakambani ekubhadharwa emari ari pasi pepamutemo anogona kubhadhara vashandi. Ikozvino maUnited States pasi pehomwe mubhadharo inokwana $ 7.25 paawa. Icho chinangwa chemitemo miripo yebhaji ndechekuregedza vashandi kuti vasashandise vashandi vasingadi. Iko mubhadharo wechidiki inofanira kugovera mari yakakwana yekupa mubairo wekurarama . Iyo ndiyo mari inodiwa kuti ipe zvokudya zvakakwana, zvipfeko, uye pokugara. Zvinosuruvarisa, Congress haina kuzomutsira zvakakwana kuti iwedzere kutengesa . Kutaura zvazviri, pamasikati makumi mana nevhiki kwevhiki makumi mashanu nemasere, mubairo wechechi unoshandiswa ku $ 15,080 pagore. Izvozvo zvinopfuura federal paurombo hwehutano hwemunhu mumwe chete asi hwakaderera pane urombo huri hwemhuri yevana. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana mumwe munhu ari kuedza kutsigira mhuri nekuita mari shoma, vanozokwanisa kupiwa hurumende kubatsira rubatsiro.

The SEC inotarisira zvikwereti, zvisungo, uye mutengo wemari , zvichiita kuti kuve nekuchengetedzwa kwekutsvaga mari. The SEC inopawo ruzivo kuti ikubatsire kudyara kuburikidza neInvestor.gov. Inopa dzidzo yepamusoro, yakadaro mararamiro anoita sei, asset allocation, uye kuongororwa kwezvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekurega basa. Iine chikamu cheNzira Yokusarudza Broker. Inopa mari yekugadzirisa zvishandiso, zvakadai sekuwanda kwaunoda kubhadhara.

I FDC inochengetedza kuchengetedza, kutarisa, nezvimwe zvikwereti zvepaidha kusvika ku $ 250,000 pamusana webhangi rimwe nerimwe. Kune dzimwe nhoroondo dzakabatana, FDIC inochengetedza $ 250,000 pamudzidzi. Iyo FDC inoongorora uye inotarisira mabhizimusi anenge 5 250, inopfuura hafu yehurumende yose. Kana bhangi ikakundikana, iyo FDC inopinda mairi. Inotengesa bhandi kune imwe uye inotumira vanoisa mari kubhangi rakutenga. Kuchinja kwacho kwakanyarara kubva pane zvinoonekwa nevatengi.