Chinhu Chinotyisa Ndicho Chakwanisa Kuitikazve
Kushaiwa kwemvura kwakarova zviyo zvakachengetedza ivhu munzvimbo. Pakavhuvhuvhuvhuta mhepo, dzakasimudza makore akawanda evhu. Yakaisa mound yemafuta pane zvose, kunyange kuvhara dzimba.
Guruva rakaputika mhuka uye rakaita kuti pneumonia muvana. Pakaipisisa, dutu racho rakawisira guruva kuWashington, DC
Kusanaya uye guruva zvakaparadza chikamu chikuru chekubudisa kwekurima kweUnited States. Dust Bowl yakaita kuti Kuwedzereka kukuru kuwedzere.
Zvinokonzera
Muna 1930, maitiro emamiriro ekunze akachinja pamusoro peAtlantic uye Pacific. IPacific yakakura yakanyanyisa kupfuura yakasikwa uye Atlantic yakava inopisa. Iko kusanganiswa kunokanganisa uye kwakashandura nhungamiro yejet stream. Mhepo iyo inowanzoendesa chinyoro kubva kuGulf of Mexico kusvika kuGreat Plains. Iyo inobva yasimuka mvura inosvika paRockies. Apo rwizi rwaJet rukaenda kumaodzanyemba, mvura haina kusvika kuGreat Plains.
Tall prairie uswa kamwechete yakachengetedza kumusoro kweMidwest. Asi varimi pavakagadzirisa minda, vakarima mahekresi mashanu emamiriyoni euswa hwakadzika midzi. Makore okuwedzera-kukura aireva ivhu rakarasikirwa nehupfumi hwayo. Apo kusanaya kwakauraya zvirimwa, mhepo yakakura yakavhuvhuta nzvimbo yakasara yakasara.
Zvikamu zveMidwest zvisati zvadzoka zvakare.
Nguva
Paiva nemafungu mana ekusanaya, rimwe shure kweumwe. Zvakaitika muna 1930-31, 1934, 1936, uye 1939-1940. Asi yakanzwa seimwe nguva yakareba dambudziko. Ndiyokuti nzvimbo dzakapararira dzisingakwanisi kudzoka mushure mekutsvaira. Kusanaya kwekupedzisira hakuna kupera kusvikira muna 1940.
1930-1931: Kusanaya kwekutanga kwakaparadza zvikamu 23 mumipata ye Mississippi uye Ohio. Yakasvika kumabvazuva kumabvazuva semunharaunda yeAtlantic uye yakarova hupfumi huri kumaodzanyemba. Yaiva yakaoma kwazvo mumvura muAsia. Kusarudzwa panguva yekudengenyeka kwakadengesa pamba yemakotoni kubva pasi kubva pa16,79 centi paundi pakurema muna 1929 kusvika kune 5.66 masentimita pound muna 1931. Kusanaya kwakakonzerwa nekotoni kunobereka kubva pamabheji matanhatu nemaawa maviri kusvikira kune mabhesi maviri panguva imwe chete. Izvo zvakaita kuti varimi vakawanda vadyara ikotoni kupfuura zvavaigona kutengesa. Pakati pe30% uye 50 muzana yezvirimwa zveA Arkansas zvakakundikana. Somugumisiro, varimi vakanga vasingakwanisi kupa zvokudya zvakakwana kuti vadye. Mutungamiri Hoover akaramba kubatsira. Akafunga kuti yaizoita kuti vanhu vasave nesimba. Red Cross yakapa $ 5 mamiriyoni kuti idyara mbeu. Chibage choga chaizokura chaiva mapirips. Sezvo kusanaya kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi, Congress yakaisa $ 45 mamiriyoni kuti mbeu uye $ 20 mamiriyoni zvive zvokudya zvekudya.
Muna 1932, pakanga pane dutu 14 guruva. Muna 1933, izvo zvakawedzera kusvika 48 dutu.
1934: Dambudziko rechitatu rakava gore rakanyanyisa rakanyorwa kusvika muna 2014. Paiva nemakumi maviri nemakumi mashanu anotevera makumi matatu nemasereji anodarika zana. Inenge 80 kubva muzana yenyika yakanyora mamiriro ezvinhu eropa. Musi waApril 15, 1934, dutu rakaipisisa rakauya.
Yakazoti "Black Sunday". Mavhiki mashomanana gare gare, Mutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt akapfuura Mutemo Wekuchengetedzwa Kwevhu. Yakadzidzisa varimi nzira yekudyara nenzira yakasimba.
1936: Kusanaya kwakadzoka nechando chakanyanyisa pamusana pekare. MunaJune, hupfumi huri huno hutachiona hwakasangana ne10 kana kupfuura. Vaiva Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, uye Tennessee. MunaJuly, kupisa kwacho kwakakunda mamwe gumi nematanhatu. Vaiva Iowa, Kansas (121 degrees), Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Dakota (121 degrees), Oklahoma (120 degrees), Pennsylvania, South Dakota (120 degrees), West Virginia, uye Wisconsin. Izvo zvose izvi zvinoputsa kana kusungira zvinyorwa zvechando. MunaAugust, Texas yakaona 120-degree rekodi-kutsika kutsetseka. Icho chaivawo kupisa kwakanyanya kupisa muhupenyu hweUnited States, kuuraya vanhu 1 693.
Vamwe vanhu 3 500 vakanyura mumvura vachiedza kunotonhora.
1939 - 1040: Kuchena uye kusanaya kwakadzoka muna 1939 uye muna 1940. Louisiana yakawana mazuva makumi mashanu nematanhatu emapfumbamwe-90-degree pakati peJune 9 neSeptember 29, 1939. Icho chaiva nhoroondo yekumabvazuva kweUnited States.
Pakazosvika 1941, mvura yakawanda yainge yasvika kune zvishoma-zvakasikwa. Mvura yakabatsira kubvisa Great Depression .
Nzvimbo
Dust Bowl yakakanganisa Midwest yose. Iyo yakaipisisa yakaisa dongo ku Oklahoma panhandle. Yakaparadzawo kumativi maviri ekutatu kweTexas panhandle. Yakasvika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNew Mexico, yakawanda yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweColorado, uye nechechitatu yekumadokero yeKansas. Yakafukidza mahekreti zana emakiromita munzvimbo yaive makiromita mazana mashanu nemakiromita mazana matatu. Pakazosvika 1934, kusanaya kwakafukidza 75 muzana yenyika, inosvika makumi maviri nemaviri.
Maitiro Aro Akaita Kuti Ive Nehupfumi
Dutu guru remhepo rine dutu rakamanikidza varimi kuti vabve mubhizinesi. Vakarasikirwa zvose zvoupenyu hwavo nemisha yavo. Kusarudzwa kubva kuDzvinyiriri kwakawedzera kukanganiswa kwevarimi veDust Bowl. Mitengo yezvirimwa zvavakakwanisa kukura yakawira pasi pasi pemaitiro. Muna 1932, hurumende yehurumende yakatumira rubatsiro kune nyika dzakashungurudzika.
Muna 1933, varimi vakauraya nguruve dzemamiriyoni matanhatu kuti vasapedzisire kupa uye kuwedzera mitengo. Vanhu vose vakapikisa kudyiwa kwezvokudya. Mukupindura, hurumende yehurumende yakagadzira Mukurumbira Relief Corporation. Izvozvo zvakaita kuti huwandu hwakawanda hwekurima hurima hufambe hukaenda kudyisa varombo. Mushure mezvo, Congress yakagadzirisa mari yekutanga yakarongerwa kukonzerwa kwemvura.
Pakazosvika 1934, varimi vakanga vatengesa 10 muzana yemapurazi avo ose. Hafu yevaya vaitengesa yakakonzerwa nekudengenyeka uye kunaya. Pakazosvika 1937, varimi vanopfuura rimwe chete pavashanu vakanga vari pahurumende yepamusoro yekubatsirwa kwekukurumidza. Mhuri dzakatamira kuCalifornia kana kumaguta kuti dziwane basa raive risati riripo panguva yavakasvika ikoko. Vakawanda vakaguma vachirarama se "hobos" dzisina pokugara. Vamwe vaigara mumapuranga ainzi " Hoovervilles ," anonzi mushure mezvo-Mutungamiri Herbert Hoover.
Pakazosvika 1936, 21 muzana yemhuri dzose dzekumaruwa muGreat Plains vakagamuchira federal hurumende yokurwira. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, yakange yakareba se90 muzana.
Muna 1937, IEwork Progress Administration yakashuma kuti kunaya kwaiva chikonzero chikuru chekununurwa muDust Bowl region. Zvinopfuura zviviri zvezvitatu zvaiva varimi. Zvose rubatsiro rwakataridzirwa pa $ 1 bhiriyoni muna 1930s madhora. Mharidzo yacho yakawana kuti kurasikirwa muDust Bowl kwakakanganisa hupfumi hwepasi rese. Dust Bowl yakaipisisa zvakakonzerwa nekudengenyeka kukuru .
Zvingaita Sei Zvakare
Dust Bowl inogona kuitika zvakare. Agribusiness iri kukonzera mvura yepasi kubva Aquifer Ogallala kanomwe zvakakurumidza kupfuura mvura iri kuiisa zvakare. Akifer anotambanudza kubva kuSouth Dakota kuenda kuTexas. Imba inoita $ 20-bhiriyoni-gore-shwanda iyo inokura inenge imwe yechishanu yegorosi reUnited States, zviyo nemombe. Inopa anenge makumi matatu kubva muzana emvura ekudiridza. Parizvino purogiramu yekushandiswa, mvura yepasi ichave yakapera mukati mezana remakore. Zvikamu zveTexas Panhandle zvatova kumhanya zvakaoma. Masayendisiti anoti zvinotora makore 6 000 kuti zvizadzise aquifer.
Zvinotoshamisa ndezvekuti, hurumende yehurumende inobatsirana nayo inobatsira pakudhonza Ogalla Aquifer. Izvi zvibatsiro zvakatanga sechikamu cheNew Deal . Vakabatsira mhuri duku dzekurima dzikaramba dzichigara panyika uye dzakatarisana nemakore eDust Bowl. Iye zvino, mari inobhadharwa inobhadhara mapurisa ehurumende kuti ikure marudzi ose ezvirimwa. Chigadziko chemombe yekudya ndicho chinonyanya kukanganisa, kukwana makumi mana kubva muzana yezviyo zvenyika inochengetwa zviyo.
Varimi veCotton muTexas vanowana $ 3 mabhiriyoni mugore mugore rehurumende. Vanodha mvura kubva kuAdamlala yeOgallala kuti ikure fiber iyo isisashandisi muUnited States. Inotumirwa kuChina , uko yakaitwa muzvipfeko zvinodhura zvinotengeswa muzvitoro zveAmerica.
Zvimwe rubatsiro zvinokurudzira varimi kukura zviyo zve ethanol bio-fuel. Nhamba yezvivako zvekugadzira munzvimbo yePaul Plains inowanikwa kaviri. Mukupindura, varimi vari kuwedzera kukohwa kwegorosi, vachiwedzera rimwe 120 mabhiriyoni galoni gore negore.
Pasinei nokuti chii chinopisa mvura yakasviba, chigumisiro chacho chakafanana. Kana mvura ikangobuda, Mahombekombe makuru anogona kuva nzvimbo yeimwe njodzi chaiyo . Varimi vachamuka zvakare munzvimbo iyi mumapoka.
Izvo zvakasara zvinoshandura kune gorosi, maborosi, uye zvimwe zvinogadziriswa, zviri pasi-mvura. Vamwe vachatora mikana nemhepo inogara ichinge yakaumba Dust Bowl kutyaira mapurisa makuru emhepo. Vamwe vashomanana vanobvumira nzvimbo dzakasvibirira dzave dzakatungamirirwa kudzoka. Izvo zvichapa mhuka yemhuka dzesango, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yacho inakidze kune vanovhima uye vanoita zvekudya zvakafanana. (Zvinyorwa: "Kupona Dust Bowl," Public Broadcasting Service. "Kusanaya mumakore eguru rekuya," National Crought Mitigation Center. "Kukura muma1930," Living History Farm. "