Migumisiro yeKuDzvinyirira Kukuru

by Kimberly Amadeo

Iyo Inoramba Ichikuitei Iwe Nhasi

Ukudengenyeka kukuru kwegore ra1929 kwakaparadza hupfumi hweUnited States. Hafu yebhangi rose yakakundikana. Ushaiwe hwakasimuka kusvika pa25 muzana uye kusagadzikana kwakawedzera. Dzimba dzeimba dzakaderera 30 muzana, kutengeserana kwepasi rose kwakapera ne60 muzana, uye mutengo wakawira 10 muzana. Zvakatora makore 25 kuti misika yepamusoro iwanezve.

Asi pane zvimwe zvaibatsira. Sangano reNew Deal rakachengetedza kuchengetedza kuti riite zvishoma kuti kuora mwoyo kunogona kuitika zvakare .

01 Economy

Upfumi huchikwira makumi mashanu muzana mumakore mashanu ekutanga ekuderedza . Muna 1929, hupfumi hwakanga huri $ 105 mabhiriyoni, zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvemumba . Ndiyo yakaenzana ne $ 1.057 trillion nhasi.

Upfumi hwakatanga kupera muna August. Pakupera kwegore, mabhanji 650 akanga akundikana. Muna 1930, hupfumi huchiwedzera imwe 8.5 muzana. GDP yakawa imwe 6.5 muzana muna 1931 uye 12,0 muzana muna 1932. Pakazosvika 1933, nyika yakanga yatambura kwemakore mashanu ekugadzikana kwezvemari. Yakangobhadhara $ 57 bhiriyoni, hafu yezvakabudiswa muna 1929. Izvo zvaive pamwe nekuda kwekutsauka . Mitengo yakawa 10 muzana pagore.

Nhepfenyuro yekutsvaga kushandisa mari yakawedzera GDP kukura 10,8 muzana muna 1934. Yakakura imwe ye8,9 muzana muna 1935, inopera 12,9 muzana muna 1936, uye 5.1 muzana muna 1937.

Zvinosuruvarisa, hurumende yakagadzirisa zvakare kuNew Deal kushandiswa muna 1938, uye kuora mwoyo kwakadzoka. Upfumi hunokonzera 3.3 muzana. Asi kugadzirira Hondo Yenyika II yakatumira kukura 8 muzana muna 1939 uye 8.8 muzana muna 1940. Gore rakatevera, Japan yakarova bhomba Pearl Harbor, uye United States yakapinda muHondo Yenyika II.

Izvo Zvitsva uye kushandiswa kweHondo Yenyika II zvakashandura hupfumi kubva pamusika wakachena kunze kwehupfumi hwakavhengana . Yakanga yakatsigira zvakawanda pamusoro pemari yehurumende kubudirira kwayo. Mhedziso yekutambudzika kukuru uku kunoratidza kuti izvi zvaive zvishoma nezvishoma, zvisinei, zvichidiwa, nzira.

02 Zvematongerwe enyika

Kuora Kwepfungwa kwakakanganisa zvematongerwe enyika nekunyanyisa kunetseka kwekutendeseka mune hutungamiri hwehupfumi . Ndizvo zvakaitwa naHerbert Hoover, uye zvakakundikana zvakaipa.

Somugumisiro, vanhu vakavhota Franklin Roosevelt . Akavimbisa kuti kushandiswa kwehurumende kuchagumisa kuora mwoyo. Shanduro Itsva yakashanda. Muna 1934, hupfumi hwakawedzera 10,8 muzana muna 1934 uye kushaikwa kwemabasa kwakatanga kuderera.

Asi FDR yakava nehanya nekuwedzera ku $ 5 trillion US chikwereti. Akachera kushandiswa kwehurumende muna 1938, uye kudengenyeka kwakatangazve. Hapana anoda kuita chikanganiso icho zvakare. Vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika vanotenderera pane zvisingabatsiri kushandisa mari , kutengesa mutero uye mamwe maitiro ekuwedzera kwematongerwo emitemo . Izvo zvakasikwa chikwereti chakaipa chekuAmerica.

Kuora Kwemhirizhonga kwakaguma muna 1939 sezvo hurumende inoshandiswa nehurumende yakawedzera kuHondo Yenyika II. Izvozvo zvinotungamirirwa kukutenda kusina kururama kwekuti mari yekushandisa mauto yakanaka kumunyika. Asi hazvikwanisi kunyange seimwe yenzira dzakanakisisa-yenyika yekuumba mabasa

03 Social

Dust Bowl mvura yakaoma kuparadza kurima kuMidwest. Yakatora makore gumi, uye yakareba kuti varimi vazhinji vatarise. Kuita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere kuipa, mitengo yezvirimwa zvekurima inodonhedzwa kusvika kune yakaderera yepamusoro kubva muHondo Yenyika. Sezvo varimi vakasiyiwa mukutsvaga basa, vakava vasina pokugara. Anenge misha 6,000 shanty, inonzi Hoovervilles, yakasimuka muma1930.

Mitsva kune avo vakanga vachiri nemabasa vakawira 42 muzana. Avhareji yemari inowanikwa mumhuri yakaderera makumi mana kubva ku $ 2 300 kubva muna 1929 kusvika kune $ 1 500 muna 1933. Izvozvo zvakafanana nekuwana mari kubva ku $ 32 181 kusvika ku $ 20 988 mugore ra2016. Somugumisiro, nhamba yevana vakatumirwa kunherera yakawedzera ne50 muzana. Vana vanenge 250 000 vakwegura vakabva pamba vachiwana basa.

Muna 1933, Chibvumirano chakabviswa. Izvozvo zvakabvumira hurumende kutora mitero pakutengesa kwezvino-mutemo doro. FDR yakashandisa mari iyi kubatsira kubhadhara muNew Deal.

Kuora mwoyo kwaiva kwakanyanya uye kwakaguma kwenguva refu zvokuti vanhu vazhinji vakafunga kuti yaiva mugumo weAmerica Dream . Pane kudaro, yakashandura kurota uku kunosanganisira kodzero yekuwana pfuma. IAmerican Dream sezvaifungidzirwa neVatangi veChechi yakaratidza kodzero yekuita zvaanoona iwe pachako rwekufara.

04 Kushaya basa

Pakutanga kweKuwedzereka Kukuru , mugore rekupedzisira reMakore makumi maviri nemashanu , basa risina 3.2 muzana. Izvo zvisingasviki maitiro ezvisikwa ekushaiwa basa . Pakazosvika 1930, yakapetwa kaviri kusvika kune 8.7 muzana. Yakapararira kusvika ku15,9 muzana muna 1931 uye 23.6 muzana muna 1932. Pakazosvika 1933, kusashaya basa kwaiva 24.9 muzana. Vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni gumi nemashanu vakanga vasina kubasa. Icho ndicho chakanga chakanyanya kushaikwa kwebasa munguva yekudengenyeka uye kubva ipapo.

Zvitsva zvepurogiramu zvakabatsira kuderedza kusasikirwa kwema21,7 muzana muna 1934, 20.1 muzana muna 1935, 16,9 muzana muna 1936 uye 14.3 muzana muna 1937. Asi kushandiswa kwehurumende kusina simba muna 1938 kwakatumira kushaikwa kwemabasa kumashure kusvika 19.0 muzana. Yakaramba iri pamusoro pe10 kubva muzana kusvika muna 1941, maererano nekuongorora kwehuwandu hwehutano hwegore negore .

05 Banking

Munguva yekudengenyeka, hafu yebhanga renyika yacho yakakundikana. Mumwedzi gumi yekutanga ye1930 chete, 744 yakakundikana. Icho chaiva chikamu che1 000 kubva pane yegore rose mugore ra1920s. Pakazosvika 1933 mabanki 4 000 akanga akundikana. Somugumisiro, vanoisa mari vakarasa $ 140 mabhiriyoni.

Vanhu vaishamiswa kuona kuti mabhenji akanga ashandisa mari yavo yekuisa mari mumusika. Vakamhanyira kunotora mari yavo kunze kwebhangi. Aya mabhanga "runs" akamanikidza kunyange mabhanga akanaka kunze kwebhizimisi. Nenzira yakanaka, izvozvo hazviwanzoitika zvakare. Depositors vanochengetedzwa ne Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . FDR yakagadzira chirongwa ichocho panguva yeNew Deal.

06 Stock Market

Musika wekutengesa wakarasika 90 muzana wehuwandu hwahwo pakati pe1929 na1932. Hauna kudzorerazve kwemakore makumi maviri nemashanu. Ndizvo nokuti vanhu vakarasikirwa nekutenda kwose mumisika yeWall Street . Mabhizimusi, mabhangi uye vatengesi vari voga vakaparadzwa. Kunyange vanhu vakanga vasati varayira vakarasikirwa nemari. Mabheji avo akaisa mari yacho kubva kune mari yavo yekuchengetedza.

07 Trade

Sezvo nyika "hupfumi hwakanyanya kuwedzera, ivo vakagadzira matanho emabhizimisi ekuchengetedza maindasitiri emunharaunda. Muna 1930, Congress yakapa mitero yeSmoot-Hawley , achitarisira kudzivirira mabasa eSU.

Dzimwe nyika dzakadzorera. Izvozvo zvakagadzira mabhizimusi mabhizimisi anobva pamabatanidzwa ehurumende uye mune zvekurima mari. Shanduro yenyika yakaderera 65 muzana zvichienzaniswa mumadhora uye 25 muzana muhuwandu hwezvikamu. Pakazosvika 1939, yakanga ichiri pasi pehutano hwayo muna 1929. Heino nyika yekutengeserana kwemakore mashanu ekutanga ekudengenyeka.

1929: $ 5.3 mabhiriyoni
1930: $ 4.9 mabhiriyoni
1931: $ 3.3 mabhiriyoni
1932: $ 2.1 biliyoni
1933: $ 1.8 mabhiriyoni

08 Kusarura

Mitengo yakawa 30 muzana pakati pa1930 na1932. Kusarura kwakabatsira vashandi, vane mari yainge yawana. Zvinokuvadza varimi, mabhizimisi, nevadzimba. Kubhadhara mari yavo yakanga isati yawira 30 muzana. Somugumisiro, vazhinji vakashaya. Vakarasikirwa nezvose uye vakava vatorwa vaitsvaga basa chero kupi kwavanogona kuwana.

Heino mutengo unoshanduka panguva yekuora mwoyo kwemakore.

1929 0.6%
1930 -6.4%
1931 -9.3%
1932 -10.3%
1933 0.8%
1934 1.5%
1935 3.0%
1936 1.4%
1937 2.9%
1938 -2.8%
1939 0.0%
1940 0.7%
1941 9.9%

09 Yenguva Yakareba Impact

Kubudirira kweNew Deal uye kushandiswa kwemauto kwakaita kuti vanhu vemuAmerica vatarise kuti hurumende ichavaponesa kubva kune dambudziko guru rezvemari kana rezvematongerwe enyika. Munguva yekuderera kukuru, vanhu vakazvivimba pachavo uye mumwe nomumwe kuti adzore. Izwi idzva rakaratidza kuti vaigona kuvimba nehurumende yehurumende pane.

FDR yakashandura chiyero chegoridhe chekuchengetedza kukosha kwechiroro. Izvo zvakaratidza muenzaniso weRichard Nixon kuti upedze zvachose muna 1973.

Sangano reNew Deal mapurogiramu ehurumende rakavakwa mazita akawanda emanhasi. Iconic zvivako kusanganisira chivako Chrysler, Rockefeller Center uye Dealey Plaza ku Dallas. Mabhiriji anosanganisira San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge, New York's Triborough Bridge uye Florida Keys 'Overseas Highway.

La Guardia Airport, neLincoln Tunnel neHoover Dam yakavakwa panguva yekudengenyeka. Uyezve, maguta matatu ose akavakwa: Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio uye Greenbelt, Maryland.