Kugadzirisa Kwemari Kunotsanangurwa Nezvienzaniso

by Kimberly Amadeo

Kupindira Kwakanyanya Kwazvo muAmerica Histori

Kusagadzikana mune zvezvehupfumi kuderera kwekubuda kwenyika sekuenzaniswa kwechibage chakakura mumiti . Izvozvo zvinosanganisira kudonha mumapato chaiwo evanhu, kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi uye kutengesa kwekutengesa . Inowedzera kushaya mabasa. Makambani anorega kushandira kuchengetedza mari mukutarisana kwekutsvaga kwakaderera. Pakati pepakati pechinhu, vanotanga kuvhara vashandi, kutumira kusarirwa kwemabasa kunopfuura. Icho chimwe chezvikamu zvina zvebhizimisi rezvebhizimisi , iro rinozivikanwawo sekuti boom and bust cycle .

Bhizinesi reNational Bureau of Economic Research rinoshandisa zviratidzo zvezvemari kuti rione kana chidimbu chakaitika. Kubvira muna 1854, pane 33 zvakaitwa. Vanowanzopedza mwedzi 17.5 mumwe nomumwe. Nhoroondo yeAmerica yekudzoka inoratidza kuti zvipfeko zvehupfumi hazvidzivisiki, zvisinei zvinorwadza, zvikamu zvebhizimisi.

Kupesana kunokonzerwa nekurasikirwa mune chivimbo icho chinonoka kudikanwa . Chiitiko, kufanana nekambani yekugadziriswa kwekambani kana kukanganisa, kunokonzera. Asi chikonzero chechokwadi chinotangira chiitiko chakanaka. Iko kazhinji kuwedzera kwezvibereko zvezvibereko zvinoderedza guta .

Vatengesi vanotengesa mashizha , kutumira mitengo kuderera uye kuderedza mari yekambani huru. Mabhizimisi anosarudza kushandisa mari, ndokuisa pasi vashandi. Iko kunomesa kushandiswa kwevatengi, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikanganise zvebhizimisi nekurasikirwa. Kuti anzwisise izvi kuderera kwezvehupfumi, munhu anofanira kuziva zvikonzero zvebhizinesi rezvebhizimisi , kunyanya zvikonzero zvekutengesa

Chipikiso chinoguma apo mitengo inowira zvakakwana kukwezva chido chitsva. Central Bank mari yematongerwo enyika uye hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inogona kupedza kupesana nekukurumidza. Vachaderedza chikwereti chemari uye mitero, uye kuwedzerwa mari yekupa uye kushandiswa. Iyi mitemo inobatanidza nzira dzehurumende dzekupa sarudzo dzakanaka dzekusashandira .

01 1920s Kusiyana

Paiva nehuwandu hwehupfumi hwezvipfeko panguva ye "Kutora makore makumi maviri." Chigadziro chekutanga chakatanga munaJanuary 1920. Chimwe chikonzero chakanga chiri chepamusoro chepamusoro chemari yekutambira ye 73 muzana pane mari inopfuura $ 1 mamiriyoni. Inenge makumi manomwe kubva muzana yemari yemari inotora mari inobva kumitero inowanikwa. Muna 1921, Warren Harding akava Mutungamiri. Nenzira yakanaka, dambudziko rakapera munaJuly pasina kupindira.

Congress yakawedzera hurumende yemutero kubva ku10 kusvika ku12.5 muzana. Yakapfuurawo Emergency Immigration Act kudzivirira nhamba yevatorwa kusvika ku3 muzana yevanhu 1910. Muna 1922, Harding yakaderedza mutengo wepamusoro wepamusoro kune 58 muzana. Muna 1923, Calvin Coolidge, Republican, akava Mutungamiri. Chirevo chake chaiva chokuderedza mutero wepamusoro wepamusoro zvakare kune 43.5 muzana. Dare Repamusorosoro rakarambidza mari shoma yevakadzi kuWashington DC

Kudzoka kwakatanga muna May 1922, asi kwakaguma munaJuly 1924. Pasinei nokuputika kwemusika wekutengesa wakatanga misika yemakore matanhatu. Yakafadzwa nekufungidzira uye kuwedzera. Coolidge yakasimudza mutengo wepamusoro wepamusoro kune 46 muzana, ndokudzikisa gore rinotevera kusvika 25 muzana.

Imwe tsvina yakatanga munaOctober 1926. Yakaguma munaNovember 1927 mushure mokunge Federal Reserve yakaderedza chido chezvibereko. Congress yakasimudza mutero wekambani inosvika ku 13,5 muzana.

02 1930s: The Great Depression

Ukudengenyeka kukuru kwaiva kupesana kukuru kwehupfumi muhupenyu hweUnited States. Yakatanga muna 1929, gore Herbert Hoover akava Mutungamiri. Akaderedza mutengo wepamusoro wemutero kusvika ku24 muzana , uye iyo yepamusoro yekambani yemutero inokwana kusvika 12 muzana. Asi zvakanga zvanyanyisa. Upfumi hwakabvumirana munaAugust, zvichiratidza kutanga kweEkudarika kukuru. MunaSeptember, misika yemabhizimisi yakawanda, yakarohwa musi waOctober 24.

03 1940s

Muna February 1945, hupfumi hwakabvumirana kusvikira muna Gumiguru 1945. GDP yakawedzera 10,6 muzana muna 1946. MunaNovember 1948, hupfumi hwakabvumirana kusvikira muna Gumiguru 1949. GDP yakawira 0.5 muzana yegore. IWWII yekugadzirisa hurumende yaireva kuti hurumende inopedza kudzoka kwezvombo zvehondo. Zvakatora mwedzi yakawanda kushandiswa kwebhizimisi kuchigadzirisa iyo.

04 1950s Zvinyorwa

Muna July 1953 hupfumi hwakabvumirana kwemwedzi gumi. Yakanga iri nokuda kwekuguma kweHondo yeKorea . Kushaya mabasa kwakawedzera pa6.1 muzana munaSeptember 1954. GDP yakagamuchira 2.2 muzana muQ3, 5.9 muzana muna Q4, uye 1.8 muzana muna Q1 1954.

MunaAugust 1957, hupfumi hwakabvumirana kusvikira muna April 1958. GDP yakawira 4 muzana muna Q4 1957, ikadonha 10 muzana muna Q1 1958. Kusashaya basa kwakapinda pa7.1 muzana munaSeptember 1958.

05 1960s

MunaEpril 1960, hupfumi hwakabvumirana kwemwedzi gumi. GDP yaiva -1.5 muzana muQ2 uye -4,8 muzana muQ4. Ushaiwe hwakasvika pakakwirira ye7.1 muzana muna May 1961. Mutungamiri Kennedy akapedza kutengesa kwekuita nekukurudzira kushandisa.

06 1970s

MunaNovember 1973, hupfumi hwakabvumirana kusvikira munaMarch 1975. Zvikonzero zvakawanda zvakapiwa. Chokutanga, Mutungamiri Nixon akapa mvumo yekubhadhara mari. Izvo zvakachengetedza mitengo uye mibairo yakakwirira zvikuru. Vashandi vanochera zvakare pane zvavanoda . Mabhizimisi akadzikisa vashandi. Chechipiri, Nixon yakabvisa dhora reUnited States kubva muyero yegoridhe . Izvo zvakasikwa mutengo. Mutengo wegoridhe wakakwira kusvika ku $ 120 imwe chete uye kukosha kwemadhora kwakapera. Mazano ake anoparadza akaita sarglation uye zvitatu zvakatevedzana zvezvakanyorwa.

1974 Q3 -3.8 muzana, Q4 -1.6 muzana.
1975 Q1 -4.7 muzana.

07 1980 Contraction

Ma1980 kutsika kwepasi kwakange kuri kupesana kwechitatu kwehupfumi mune zveAmerica. Zvaive zvakaoma kurova nokuti kwaivawo nehuwandu hwechipiri. Kakavhiringidzwa nehuwandu hwemagetsi kunonzi " stagflation" . Izvozvo zvakakonzerwa nemitemo yeMutungamiri Nixon yemari. Izvo Zvakawanda zvakasimudza chikwereti chezvibereko kusvika kumazana makumi maviri ekurwisana nekutengesa . Iko kushandiswa kwebhizimisi kushandiswa uye kugadzira kuvhiringidzwa.

Yakatanga munaJanuary 1980. Yakaratidzika kunge yakapera mumwedzi mitanhatu. Muna 1981, Mutungamiri Reagan vakatora basa. Izvo Mari yakatanga kuderedza chido chekuda, sezvo kutengesa kwaive kuri pane zvakaenzana. Asi chibvumirano chakadzoka munaJuly 1981 uye chakapedza kusvika munaNovember 1982. Hurumende yakabvumirana nematanhatu matanhatu emakamuri gumi nemaviri. Izvo zvaisanganisira chikamu che7,9 kubva muzana yegore rechipiri 1980 uye 6.5 kubva muzana kubva muzana rokutanga rokutanga 1982. Kusashanda kwakawedzera kusvika kureji 10.8 muzana munaNovember 1982. Yakaramba iri pamusoro pe10 muzana kwemwedzi gumi.

Reagan inoderedza mari yepamusoro yemutero kubva ku70 kusvika 28 muzana. Akaitawo kuti mutengo wekambani uwedzere kubva pa48 kusvika ku 34 muzana. Kunyange zvazvo akavimbisa kuderedza kushandiswa kwehurumende, akawedzera kushandisa mari panzvimbo. Mazano ake ekuwedzera emari akagumisa kuderera.

08 1990s

Muna July 1990, hupfumi hwakabvumirana kusvikira muna March 1991. Yakave yakakonzerwa neChapupu Chekuchengetedza uye Chekwereti muna 1989. GDP yaiva -3.4 muzana muna Q4 1990 uye -1.9 muzana muna Q1 1991.

09 2000s

Muna 2001, hupfumi hwakabvumirana kusvikira munaNovember 2001. Y2K inotyisa yakakonzera kuburikidza nekufambisa kudiwa kwemichina yepakombiyuta. Izvozvo zvakagadzira chifukidzo uye chigadzirwa chinotevera. Yakakonzerwa ne 9/11 kurwisa. Hurumende yakabvumirana muzvikamu zviviri: Q1 -1.1 muzana uye Q3 -1.3 muzana.

Muna 2008 , Great Recession ndiyo yakanyanya kupesana kweU.S. kubva pakudzvinyirira. Upfumi hwakabvumirana ne7,7 muzana rokutanga. Yakagadziridzwa mukota yechipiri, asi yakabvumirana nechetatu kamukati, Izvo zvakakonzera zvakagadzirirwa zvikamu zvina zvakatevedzana.

-2.7 muzana muQ1
-1.9 muzana muna Q3
-8.3 muzana muQ4
-5.4 muzana muna Q1 2009
-0.5 muzana muQ2