Kunogona Kuitika Kuitika Zvino Here?
Zvinokonzera
Simba rinowanikwa apo hurumende kana mabhanga makuru anowedzera mari inowanikwa panguva imwechete iyo inomanikidza kupa .
Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti hurumende inonyora mari. Inogonawo kuitika apo central bank mari yemitemo inogadzira chikwereti. Zvose izvi zvinowedzera mari. Izvo zvinoumba kutengesa.
Panguva imwecheteyo, imwe mitemo inononoka kukura. Izvozvo zvinoitika kana hurumende inowedzera mitero. Inogonawo kuitika apo bhandi guru rinomutsa chido chekuda. Zvose izvi zvinodzivirira makambani kubva pakubudisa zvakawanda. Apo zvinopesana zvinopararira uye zvinopesana nemitemo inoitika, inogona kuderera kukura apo ichigadzira kutengesa. Icho chikafu.
Stagflation muUnited States yakaitika muma1970. Hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa mari yayo kuti iwedzere hupfumi hwehupfumi. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo inongorambidza kupa nekubhadhara-mubhadharo wekutengo.
Muna 2004, mitemo yeZimbabwe yakakonzera kuwedzera. Hurumende yakadhinda mari yakawanda iyo yakaenda kudarika stagflation uye yakashandurwa kuva hyperinflation .
Stagflation muma1970
Stagflation yakatumidzwa zita rayo muna 1973 - 1975 recession .
Paiva nemiguta mashanu apo chigadzirwa chakakomba chemhuri chakanga chisina kunaka.
| GDP Kukura | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1973 | 1.2% | 4.6% | -2.2% | 3.8% |
| 1974 | -3.3% | 1.1% | -3.8% | -1.6% |
| 1975 | -4.7% | 3.1% | 6.8% | 5.5% |
Kushaya mabasa kwakawedzera pa9 muzana muna May 1975, mwedzi miviri mushure mokupera kwematambudziko.
Kuwedzera kwepamuviri kwakapetwa katatu muna 1973, zvichikwira kubva ku 3.4 kusvika ku9.6 muzana. Yakaramba iri pakati pe10 kusvika ku12 kubva muna February 1974 kusvika munaEpril 1975.
Nokuona kutengesa kwegore racho gore rose , iwe unogona kuwana nhoroondo yegore rega rega kuchinja mumatengo pamusoro penguva yebhizimisi.
Izvi zvakaitika sei? Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinopomera ma193 embargo mafuta . Ndiko apo OPEC yakagura mafuta ayo kunze kweUnited States. Mitengo inowanikwa kaviri, ichikonzera kutengesa kwemafuta mumafuta. Asi icho chete chakanga chisina kukwana kukonzera stagflation. Pane kudaro, yakanga iri kusanganiswa kwemari yehurumende nemari yakasimbisa iyo.
Yakatanga nehupfumi hwenhepfenyuro muna 1970. GDP yakanga isina kunaka kwevatatu voga. Ushaiwe hwakasimuka kusvika pa1.1 muzana. Mutungamiri Richard Nixon akanga achimhanya kuti asarudzo zvakare. Aida kukurudzira kukura pasina kukonzera kutengesa.
Musi waAugust 15, 1971, akazivisa mitemo mitatu yemari . Vakamuita kuti asarudze zvakare. Vakadzvarawo mbeu ye stagflation. Vhidhiyo yekutaura kwaNixon inoratidza chiziviso chekukosha kwehupfumi hwematongerwo enyika sakaita sarudzo yekugumisa mari yepasi rose yeBretton Woods.
Chokutanga, Nixon akatanga kupedza mazuva makumi mapfumbamwe pamapiro ose nemitengo. Akagadzira Pay Board uye Price Commission kuti abvumire chero kuwedzera shure kwemazuva 90. Zvinonzwisisika, zvinogona kudzora mutengo kusvikira mushure mekutonga kwekutanga kwegore ra192. Ndiyo nzira yaakaronga kutarisa kutengesa.
Chechipiri, Nixon akaisa mutengo we10 muzana pamutengo. Akanga achida kuderedza kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi uye kuchengetedza makambani epamba. Pane kudaro, akakwidza mutengo wemitengo.
Chechitatu, akabvisa United States kubva mumutambo wegoridhe . Izvo zvaive zvakachengetedza kukosha kwechikwata zvakasungirwa kune imwe yakagadziridzwa yegoridhe kubvira muna 1944 Agreement yeBretton Woods . Nyika dzakawanda dzakabvumirana kuvhara kukosha kwemari yavo mari kune mutengo wegoridhe kana kuti US dollar. Izvozvo zvakanga zvashandura dhora iri mune mari yenyika yose .
Dambudziko rakaitika apo United Kingdom yakaedza kudzikinura $ 3 biliyoni yegoridhe. IUnited States yakanga isina yegoridhe rakawanda iri munzvimbo dzayo ku Fort Fort. Saka Nixon akamira achidzikinura madhora zvegoridhe. Izvo zvakatumira mutengo wekukosha kwesimbi kudengenyeka uye kukosha kwedhora rinoputika. Izvo zvakatumirwa kutengesa zvinyorwa zvakanyanya.
Kudzidza nhoroondo yehutenderedzwa yegoridhe ichakubatsira kunzwisisa kuti sei dhora raive rakatsigirwa negoridhe uye nei zvisiri izvo.
Iyi mitemo miviri yekupedzisira yakasimudza mitengo yemitengo, iyo yakaderedza kukura. Zvadaro kukura kwakaderera zvakanyanya nokuti makambani eUnited States aisagona kukwidza mitengo kuti varambe vachibetsera. Sezvo vasina kukwanisa kubhadhara mubairo kana, iyo chete nzira yekuderedza mari yaive kuisa vashandi. Izvo zvakanyanya kushayiwa basa. Ushayi hwemabasa hunoderedza kudiwa kwevatengi uye kunonoka kuwedzera kwehupfumi. Mune mamwe mazwi, katatu kuNixon kuedza kukura kukura nekudzikisa kutengesa kwezvinhu kwakave nemigumisiro yakasiyana.
Sangano reStart Reserve riri kuedza kurwisana nesimba rinowedzera kuipa. Pakazosvika 1971 na1979, yakasimudza mari yakawanda yemari yekurwisana nekutengesa kwenyika, ndokudzikisa iyo kurwisana nematambudziko. Iyi "stop-go" mitemo yemari yakavhiringidza mabhizinesi. Vakachengetedza mitengo yakakwirira, kunyange kana Fed yakaderedza mazinga. Izvo zvakatumira inflation kusvika 13.3 muzana muna 1979.
Sachigaro weGurumende rePateri Paul Volcker rakagumisa kupfurikidza nekusimudza mutengo kusvika ku20 muzana muna 1980. Asi zvaive zvakanyanya mari. Yakagadzira 1980-82 kutengesa.
Sei Kutaurirana (Zvichida) Hazvizoitizve
Muna 2011, vanhu vakava nehanya ne stagflation zvakare. Vakanga vachinetseka kuti mitemo yeFed yakawanda yemari , yakashandiswa kuponesa hupfumi kubva mumatambudziko emari muna 2008 , inokonzera kutengesa. Panguva imwecheteyo, Congress yakabvumira mutemo wepamusoro wemari. Icho chaisanganisira mari yekushungurudzika kwezvemari uye zvinyorwa zvekushaya mari . Munguva iyi, hupfumi hwakanga huchiwedzera 1 kusvika 2 muzana. Vanhu vakanyevera pamusoro pengozi yekugadziriswa kwepakati kana kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu uye hupfumi hahufambi.
Uku kuwedzera kukuru kwepasi rose kunokonzera kusagadzikana, dambudziko guru kwazvo. Nhepfenyuro haizobvumiri kutengesa kwepfuma kuenderera mberi kwekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwepamuviri kwe 2 muzana kwehutengo hwekukwira kwezvinhu . Kana kuwedzera kwepasimusi kwakasimuka pamusoro pezvinangwa izvi, Fed yaizochinjazve nzira uye inotanga kugadzirisa mitemo yemari .
Mamiriro asina kujairika akasika kudengesa mumakore ekuma1970 haasati aitika zvakare. Chokutanga, Fed haina kuzogadzirisa-kuenda mari yemitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, zvinosvika kune imwe nzira. Chechipiri, kubviswa kwedhora kubva kuhutenderedzwa hwegoridhe kwaive kamwechete-mu-ye-upenyu hwechiitiko. Chechitatu, mubhadharo wekutengesa mubhadharo wakamanikidza kutenga haugoni kuonekwa kunyange nhasi.