Iko Kunetswa Kwemari Kunopisa
Iyo haisanganisi dzimwe mhando dzehupfumi, zvakadai semari, kubhadhara musha, kana zvinhu. Vanofanira kutengeswa kuti vashandure kuti vawane mari. Iyo hainawo kusanganisira chikwereti, chakadai semari chikwereti, mortgages uye makadhi emakadhi. Vanhu vanoshandisa izvi semari yekuvandudza mararamiro avo ehupenyu, asi haasi chikamu chemari inopa.
Kubhadhara Mari Kwakaverengwa Sei
The Federal Reserve inotora mari yeUnited States neM1 uye M2. Mhando yemvura yakawanda kwazvo M1. Inosanganisira mari inopararira. Hazvirevi mari yakachengetwa muHurumende yeUnited States, Federal Reserve mabhangi, uye mabhandi mabhangi. Inosanganisira cheki dzose dzekufambisa. Inosanganisira kutarisa dhesi, uye kusanganisira iyo inobhadhara chikwereti. Hazvirevi kutarisa zvigadziro zvakachengetwa mumabhengi ehurumende yeUnited States uye mumabhengi ekunze.
M2 inosanganisira zvose muM1. Inowedzera mari yekuchengetedza, mari yemakemari, uye mari yemusika mutual funds. Inosanganisira nguva iri pasi pe $ 100,000. Hazvirevi chimwe chezvinyorwa izvi zvakaitwa muIRA kana Keogh retirement accounts. Ita mari inoshushwa pamusoro pavo vhiki rese.
M3 inosanganisira zvinhu zvose muM2, uyewo nguva yakareba-nguva yekuisa mari uye mari yemusika mari . M4 inosanganisira M3 pamwe nemamwe mari. Dzimwe mabhizimusi epakati penyika dzinosanganisira mamwe maitiro emari inopa, kunyange zvazvo tsanangudzo dzisina kujeka uye dzakasiyana nenyika nenyika.
Mari Yekubhadhara Haisi Yenguva Yakakosha
Mari yacho inowedzera tsika yakawedzerwa uye yakabvumirana pamwe chete nehupfumi uye kutengesa kwenyika. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, nyanzvi yemari Milton Friedman akati mari yekupa mari yaiva chiratidzo chinoshanda.
Asi muma1991, ukama ihwohwo hwakachinja. Vanhu vakatora mari kubva kune-pasi-inotora mabhuku ekuchengetera mari uye vakaiisa mumusika wekutengesa .
M2 yakawa sehupfumi uye kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwakakura. Mutungamiri wekare weState Reserve Alan Greenspan akabvunza kubatsirwa kwemari yekuenzanisa. Akati kana hupfumi hwakanga huchivimba nemari yeM2 yekukura, ingadai iri mune zvekuderera . Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, Federal Reserve haisati yaisa chinangwa chekupa mari.
Mari Yakawanda Iripi MuUnited States
MunaNovember 2017, M1 yaiva $ 3.628 trillion. Kubva ipapo, $ 2.1 triliyoni yakaitwa mukuongorora maakare. Zvimwe zvacho ($ 1.5 trillion) zvaiva mari uye vanofambira. Inopfuura $ 1 trillion iri mu $ 100 mabhiriji. Imwe $ 300 mabhiriyoni iri mu $ 20 mabhiriji uye mamwe masangano mashoma. Kune $ 300 Mamiriyoni mune zvinyorwa zvepamusoro-madhinomene izvo zviri vatengesi 'zvinhu.
Mabhangi haabati iyo mari. Zvose zviri kupararira. Ndiyo $ 11,000 mumari pamhuri. Vanhu vazhinji vanoshandisa mabhidhiji uye makadhi emakwereti pane mari. Icho chinoreva kuti zvichida chinoshandiswa nevaya vasingadi kuti mari yavo inoparidzirwa kune IRS. Icho chinosanganisira vatadzi, avo vane bhegi rinogona kubata mamiriyoni emadhora emadhora mazana maviri emadhora.
Kubva izvi, zvikamu zviviri kubva kune zvitatu zvinoshamisa zvakaitwa kunze kwenyika. Mazhinji emakakatengesi emakambani ekutengeserana anoshandisa greenback sechinotsiva mari yavo yakazara.
Sezvo vakawanda vanofambira vanoziva, $ 20 bhiri rakanaka munyika yose.
Inogonawo kusanganisira avo vakapa zvikwereti zvehupfumi hweSocial Security. Nhamba inowedzera yevanhu vanopfuura makumi matanhatu vakaita izvi kubvira pakuderera. Vangangodaro vari kushanda mumabasa epasi pasi anongobhadhara mari. Nenzira iyo haafaniri kuitaurira iyo IRS uye kurasikirwa nezvinobatsira.
M2 yaiva $ 13.785 trillion. Yakawanda yaro ($ 9.1 trillion) yakanga iri mune mari yekuchengetedza. Misika yemari yakachengetedza $ 702 mabhiriyoni uye nguva yakachengetwa yakawana $ 400 bhiriyoni. Zvose zvakanga zviri M1.
Kuwedzerwa kweKutengeswa Kwemari Hakusi Kuumba Kuwedzera
MunaEpril 2008, M1 yaiva $ 1.4 trillion uye M2 yaiva $ 7.7 trillion. IWatch Reserve yakapetwa kaviri mari iyo inopedzisa gore re2009 dambudziko rezvemari . Purogiramu yekuwedzera yehuwandu yeFed yakawedzera $ 4 triliyoni mukwereti kumabhengi kuchengetedza zvikwereti zvezvibereko pasi.
Vanhu vazhinji vainetseka kuti kuvharwa kweFed kwakakura kwemari uye chikwereti kwaizoita kugadzirwa kwezvinhu . Sezvo chati iri pasi apa inoratidza, haina.
| Gore | M2 (mabhiriyoni) | M2 Kukura | Inflation | Bhizimisi Bhuku Rokutanga |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | $ 3.2 | 3.7% | 6.1% | Kudzoka |
| 1991 | $ 3.4 | 3.1% | 3.1% | |
| 1992 | $ 3.4 | 1.5% | 2.9% | Kuwedzera |
| 1993 | $ 3.5 | 1.3% | 2.7% | |
| 1994 | $ 3.5 | 0.4% | 2.7% | |
| 1995 | $ 3.6 | 4.1% | 2.5% | |
| 1996 | $ 3.8 | 4.9% | 3.3% | |
| 1997 | $ 4.0 | 5.6% | 1.7% | |
| 1998 | $ 4.4 | 9.5% | 1.6% | |
| 1999 | $ 4.6 | 6.0% | 2.7% | |
| 2000 | $ 4.9 | 6.2% | 3.4% | |
| 2001 | $ 5.4 | 10.3% | 1.6% | Kudzoka |
| 2002 | $ 5.7 | 6.2% | 2.4% | Kuwedzera |
| 2003 | $ 6.0 | 5.1% | 1.9% | |
| 2004 | $ 6.4 | 5.8% | 3.3% | |
| 2005 | $ 6.7 | 4.1% | 3.4% | |
| 2006 | $ 7.0 | 5.9% | 2.5% | |
| 2007 | $ 7.4 | 5.7% | 4.1% | |
| 2008 | $ 8.2 | 9.7% | 0.1% | Kudzoka |
| 2009 | $ 8.5 | 3.7% | 2.7% | |
| 2010 | $ 8.8 | 3.6% | 1.5% | Kuwedzera |
| 2011 | $ 9.6 | 9.8% | 3.0% | |
| 2012 | $ 10.4 | 8.2% | 1.7% | |
| 2013 | $ 11.0 | 5.4% | 1.5% | |
| 2014 | $ 11.6 | 5.9% | 0.8% | |
| 2015 | $ 12.3 | 5.7% | 0.7% | |
| 2016 | $ 13.2 | 7.4% | 1.0% | |
| 2017 | $ 13.8 | 4.9% | 2.1% |
(Kubva: "Mari Inowanikwa Nhamba," Bhodi reVatungamiriri veState Reserve System.)
Izvi ndezvokuti kuwedzera kweDhesi yechikwereti kwakabatsira vatengesi panzvimbo pevatengi. Nhepfenyuro yakapa mabanho chikwereti kubhadhara vatengi nemabhizimisi maduku. Izvozvo zvingadai zvakasimudzira chido. Mabhanki akanyunyuta kuti vaisagona kuwana vakwereti vakakodzera.
Pane kudaro, mari yeFed yakagadzira huwandu hwezvinhu zvakashata . Muna 2011, vatengesi vakashandura kuva zvinhu, vachitumira mitengo yegoridhi kureji yakakwirira. Vashandi vanobva vashandura kuNhepfenyuro yeMari inowanikwa muna 2012, saka mashamba muna 2013, uye mari yeUnited States muna 2014 na2015. Kuwedzerwa kwemari inowanikwa hakusi nguva dzose yezvikonzero zvinokonzerwa nehutengo . (Mhedziso: "Cash Inogona Kuva Yakagadzwa, asi Haisati Yaenda," Barron's, May 18, 2015.)