Iyo Yakashinga Kwaienda Ikoko Hapana Chekuita Mutemo Wakave Wakaenda Kare
QE3 ndiyo mutsara wepakati yechitatu yekuwedzera kwehuwandu inotangwa neFederal Reserve musi waSeptember 13, 2012. Yaiva yakakosha nekuti yakagadza zvitatu zvekare zvematongerwo enyika.
Kutanga, Sachigaro weFed Ben Bernanke akasimbisa noushingi rebhanga guru rehurumende raizochengetedza mutemo wemari yakawanda kusvikira mamwe mamiriro ehupfumi akazosangana. Muchiitiko ichi, zvakange zviripo kusvikira mabasa akavandudzwa zvikuru.
Imwe nguva imwe chete iyo Fed yakaita chinhu chakadai seiyi painenge ichitarisa kusagadziriswa kwekuwedzera kwepabha ye 2%. Yakawedzera hunodikanwa-hunoda, uye naizvozvo chivimbo, kuwedzera injini yehupfumi yekukura.
Nokugadza chinangwa chebasa, Fed yakatora chechipiri chisati chaitika. Yakanyanya kukoshesa pabasa rayo yekukurudzira mabasa kukura, uye zvishoma pane izvo zvaimbove zvakanyanya kusimbiswa kurwisana nekuderera. Yaiva nguva yokutanga chero bhengi guru rakasungirirana zviito zvaro kumabasa ekusika.
Chimwe chechitatu chisati chaitika chisati chaitwa neFed chakanga chichikurudzira kuwedzera kwezvemari, pane kungozvidzivirira. Iyi iyo mitsva ine simba yaireva kuti Fed yaitora mamwe mabasa ehutano hwakanaka hwehupfumi. Nheyo yemari yakavhara hurongwa hwematongerwe enyika kupfuura kare.
Zvechokwadi, Fed yaive yakamanikidzwa kuita basa iri nevasarudzo vakasarudzwa vakanga vasina kutarisirwa nemitemo yemari.
Panzvimbo pekuisa pfungwa pamagadziro ekusika kwemabasa, mapato maviri aya akanga ari pane zvinorwadza zvakanyanya pamusoro pokuti ungaderedza sei chikwereti. Mumwe musangano waifarira kutengesa mutero, asi mumwe wacho aida kuwedzerwa kushandisa mari. Vakanga vasingadi kutaurirana kusvikira kusarudzwa kweMutungamiri wehurumende kwakasarudzwa.
Chechina, iyo Fed yakaratidza kuti yaizochengetedza chinangwa Chayo chekubhadhara mari inosvika kusvika zero kusvikira 2015.
Sachigaro Ben Bernanke akadzidza kubva kune aimbova Furesi weFederal Paul Volcker uyo ari kutarisira kutarisira kwevanhu kweFed action yakange yakasimba seyekuita kwebhandi. Hapana chinovhiringidza pamusika kupfuura kusanzwisisa. Volcker yakasimudzira kutengesa kwezvinhu kuburikidza nekudzokorora kumira-kuenda mutemo wemari yevatungamiri vake.
Mukuzvipira kune imwe nzira yakakurumbira itsva, Bernanke akaudza vatungamiri vakasarudzwa kuti Fed yakanga iri yose-in. Yakanga yaita zvose zvaikwanisa kutsigira hupfumi kuburikidza nehuwandu hwematongerwo emitemo. Zvakanga zvakagadzirirwa kuvatsigiri vezvematongerwo enyika kugadzirisa kukura kwezvehupfumi kuburikidza nemitemo yehurumende, zvikurukuru mukugadzirisa matanho emari.
Icho QE3 Akaita
NeQE3, Fed yakazivisa kuti yaizotenga $ 40 biliyoni muzvikwereti zvakabhadhara- kubva kune dzimwe nhengo dzeState Reserve Reserve. Izvi zvakatora zvinhu zvinosvibisa, zvinowanzobatwa ne subprime mortgages, kubva pamahombekombe emaoko. Mari yakawedzera yakabvumira mabhenji kuti awedzere kukweretesa. Iko kukura kwemari kunopa kukurudzira kuburikidza nekupa mabhizimisi mamwe mari ekuwedzera, uye vanotengesa mamwe chikwereti kutenga zvinhu nazvo.
QE3 yakaramba ichienderera mberi Operation Twist , yakatanga munaSeptember 2011. Iyi yaiva purogiramu iyo Fed yakatengesa mabhizimisi ayo emadhora emakore mashomanana uye yakashandisa mari yekutenga zvinyorwa zvemakore gumi .
Yakasanganiswa, izvi zviviri zvinotenga zvinowedzera $ 85 mabhiriyoni ehupfumi kuhupfumi.
Kubatsirwa
IFed's Treasury inotenga kuwedzera kwekuda kwezvisungo zvenguva refu, zvichiita zvibereko zvishoma. Sezvo Treasurys ndiyo nheyo yevose venguva refu yekufarira , inotora chikwereti mari uye dzimba dzinodhura.
Ne QE3, Fed yakashandisa Dhipatimendi rekutengesa kuNew York Federal Reserve Bank kutenga $ 85 mabhiriyoni pamwedzi muBMS pamwe nePfuma kubva kumabhangi. IFed yakashandisa kukwanisa kwayo kugadzira chikwereti kunze kwemhepo ine chitete, iyo yakave nemigumisiro yakafanana nekudhinda mari . Uku kuwedzera mune mari yakabhadharwa kwakave nekuwedzera kubatsirwa kwekuchengetedza kukosha kwedhora iri pasi. Izvi zvakasimbisa zvikwata zveU.S., zvinotengeswa mumadhora, zvichiita kuti zviite sevari kutengesa kune vatengesi vekune imwe nyika. QE3 pakupedzisira yakawedzera kutengeswa kweUnited States, nokuda kwechikonzero chakafanana.
Chimwe chikomborero cheQE3 ndechekuti yakabvumira kupfuurira kwekudhura mari inowedzera kuwedzera kwemari . Izvi zvakasimudza hupfumi hwehupfumi nokuti kushandiswa kwehurumende chinhu chinokosha cheGDP. Yakabvumirawo vateereri vemitemo kuti varambe vachishandisa mari vasingafungi nezvekuita chikwereti chakawanda uye kuwedzera mhindu yemari. Zvisinei, apo chikwereti chasvika zana muzana yeGDP, Congress yakatanga kushevedza kuti mari shoma kana kuti mitero yakakwirira. Kupera kwepamusoro apo ndiyo ndiyo nzira iri nani yekuderedza chikwereti chakaita kuti pave nedambudziko rekwereti muna 2011 uye mari yemadhora muna 2012.
Zvawakakuitira Iwe
QE 3 akachengetedza zvikwereti zvisingatauriki zvichienderana nekuda kwepasi pose kwekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengeteka kwekugara. Vazhinji vatyairi vanofunga kuti mari yeUnited States inenge isina ngozi, sezvo inotsigirwa nesimba rakazara rehurumende yeUnited States.
Nokuchengetedza kudzoka kune ultra-yakachengeteka Treasurys pasi, Fed yaitarisira kukurudzira vatengesi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzoupfumi, dzakadai sepamusoro-kupa mabhizimisi ehurumende. Izvozvo zvinokurudzira kukura kwebhizimisi uye misika yemumba. Low rates vanoita kuti vatengi vachengetedze zvishoma uye vanotengesa zvakawanda, vachityaira zvinoda zvakawanda.
Vazhinji varairimu vaifunganya kuti, nekupinza mari yakawandisa mune zvehupfumi, Fed yaizokonzera kutengesa. Vakatenga ndarama nezvimwe zvinhu sehuta. Vamwe vakazvitenga nokuti vanoziva kuti zviito zveFed zvaizoita kuti nyika yose inoda mafuta uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Kana Fed ichiona kuwedzera kwepfuma ichiva dambudziko guru, rinogona kuchinja zvakare nzira uye kutanga chirongwa chemari chinopesana.
Zviri pachena kuti chii chakanaka kune vatengi nevakwereta haisi chakanaka kune vanoponesa uye avo vanofanirwa kuvimba pane mari yakagadziriswa, ingava vatengesi kana vakasiya mari. Kuderera kwekuderera kunoreve kudarika mari yakawanda kwavari.
Chimwe chirevo chaiva chokuti, kuburikidza nekuenda zvose, Fed yakanga isina chimwe chinhu mubasa rayo. Misika yemabhizimisi yakabvuma pane zvese zveFed kuburikidza nekukwira, asi kana izvi "shuga kugadzirisa" zvichishandiswa, ndizvo zvazviri. Vashandi vachave vachitsvaga humwe husimbiso, asi hahuzobvi kuFed. Uye, hazvizobvi kubva kune vezvenhau kusvika mushure mekunge sarudzo dzehurumende dzigadzirisa hutungamiri hwematongerwo enyika.
Pakupedzisira asi kwete zvishoma, kuchengetedza chido chekuderera zvishoma hazvizogadzirisa dambudziko reNot.1 yenyika, kusikwa kwemabasa. Chikonzero chekuti mabhizimisi haasi kukwereta ane zvishoma kudarika nemari yemari. Izvo zvine zvose zvavanofanira kuita nezvinodiwa.
Nhoroondo ye QE3
QE3 haisi chinhu chitsva. Kuongororwa kwepamusoro kune nguva yakave iri chigadziro chekutonga kwemari yekuwedzera kweFed. Kunyange kusati kwaitika dambudziko rezvemari ra2008 , Fed yakaitwa pakati pe $ 700- $ 800 mabhiriyoni eChishanu yeHaimari. Yakatenga Pfuma kuti ibudise hupfumi kunze kwekuderera , uye yakatengesa iyo kuti itonhorere zvinhu.
Kuongororwa kwepamusoro kwakatora muna 2008. Kwaive kudikanwa nokuti Fed yakanga yatoita zvose zvingagona pamwe nemamwe magwaro. Iyo yakadyidzwa mari yehuwandu uye iyo inoderedzwa chiyero yakanga isati yasvitsa kusvika zero. Iko Kwakatotora kunyange kubhadhara chikwereti pamabhangi ' kuchengetedza zvido .
IFed yakaratidza QE1 munaNovember 2008. Panzvimbo yekutenga Pfuma, yakatenga $ 600 mabhiriyoni muBMS. Pakazosvika Gumiguru 2010, kubata kwainge kwakadarika $ 2.1 triliyoni. Izvo zvakasimirirwa QE1 kwemwedzi mishomanana kusvikira yaona muna August kuti mabhanki aive achichengetedza mari panzvimbo pokuripa chikwereti. Izvo zvakashandurwa zvakashandura mutungamiri wayo, kutenga nguva yakareba -yegore rechipiri kusvika kune gumi-year Treasurys pane MBS.
MunaNovember 2010, Fed yakatanga QE2 . Inotenga madhora mazana matanhatu emadhora emadhora emari yeChechi yeMariki munaMarch 2011. Fed yaida kukurudzira kutengesa kwezvinhu, izvo zvaizoita kuti vanhu vatenge zvakawanda zvekudzivirira matengo akakwirira mune ramangwana. Izvo zvakapedzisira zvakaguma QE2 munaJune 2011. Zvisinei, yakaramba ichingotenga zvigadziro zvakakwana zvekuchengetedza $ 2 trillion muyero. .
Mushure meKe3
Izvo zvakapedzisira zvakaguma QE3 muna December 2012 nekutanga QE4 . Kuchinja kukuru kwaipera Operation Twist. Panzvimbo pokutsinhanisa Pfuma Yenguva pfupi pfupi kwenguva refu, yakaramba ichinyengera pamusoro pekwereti kwenguva pfupi. IFed yaizoenderera mberi kutenga $ 85 mabhiriyoni pamwedzi muHurumende itsva yeHurumende uye MBS.
QE4 inotanga zvitsva. Bernanke akazivisa bhandi guru rinozoenderera mberi nekuchera kwehuwandu kusvikira kushaiwa kwehupfumi kwakawira pasi pe6,5 muzana kana kutengesa kwemazana kunopfuura 2,5 muzana. Icharamba ichienderera mberi kuchengeta chido chezvibereko zvishoma kusvika 2015. Izvi zvinangwa zvinokurudzira kukura kwehupfumi nekubvisa kusava nechokwadi. Izvi zvinobvumira mabhizinesi kuronga zvirwere zvakanyanya nekuda kwekusimudzira kushandiswa kwemamiriro ezvinhu.