Kufunga Kwokukurumidza Kwakachengetedza Imba Yeimba
Nhepfenyuro inogona kutenga chikwereti chakawanda sezvinoda, chero nguva ipi zvayo inoda.
Ndiko nokuti ine simba rekugadzira chikwereti kunze kwemweya wakaonda . Iine mano aya kuitira kuti inogona kukurumidza kuvhara kushandiswa kwehupfumi muhupfumi sezvinodiwa.
IQE1 purogiramu yekutenga yakatangira kubva munaDecember 2008 kusvika munaMarch 2010. Paiva nezvimwe zvekutengeswa zvakagadzirwa kubva munaApril kusvika munaAugust 2010 kuti zvigadzirise kugadziriswa kwekutanga kutenga.
QE1 Nguva
Nhepfenyuro yakatanga QE1 musi waNovember 26, 2008. Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke akazivisa kurwisana kunorwadza pamusoro pematambudziko emari muna 2008 . Mari yakatanga kutenga $ 600 mabhiriyoni muzvikwereti zvinotambirwa mari uye ne $ 100 mabhiriyoni mune imwe chikwereti. Fannie Mae naFreddie Mac vakavimbisa zvose. QE yakatsigira misika yemumba iyo subprime mortgage crisis yakanga yaparadzwa.
Mwedzi unotevera, Fed yakaderedza mari yakadyidzana nemari uye iyo inoderedzwa muzinga kusvika zero. Izvo Zvakatotanga zvakatanga kutora chikwereti kumabhangi nokuda kwezvavanoda. Somugumisiro, zvose zveFed zvakakosha pakuwedzera kwemari yemishandisirwo yemitemo zvakanga zvava kusvika pamiganhu yavo.
Nokudaro, kuwedzera kwehuwandu kwakava iyo yebhanga guru rekushandisa yekusimudzira hupfumi hwehupfumi.
PakaMarch 2009, chikoro cheFed chekuchengetedza chakanga chakawana $ 1.75 trillion. Kunyange zvakadaro, bhandi guru rakaramba richiwedzera QE1 kuti rirwise kuwedzera kwekugadzikana kwematambudziko. Rakazivisa kuti rungatenga mamwe madhora mazana manomwe emadhora mabhiriyoni emari yekuchengetera mari, inodarika $ 100 mabhiriyoni muFannie uye Freddie chikwereti, uye $ 300 mabhiriyoni erefu-term Treasurys pamwedzi mitanhatu inotevera.
Pakazosvika June 2010, chikamu chePF chakanga chawedzera kusvika $ 2.1 triliyoni. Bernanke akaregazve kutenga sezvo hupfumi hwakange hwavandudzwa. Nzvimbo dzeFed's holdings dzakatanga kuwira zvakasununguka sezvo chikwereti chakawedzerwa. Zvechokwadi, vakafanirwa kudonha kusvika $ 1.7 trillion ne 2012.
Pasinei neQE1, mabhanki akanga asiri kukweretesa
Asi munaAugust, Bernanke akaratidza kuti Fed inogona kutanga QE nokuti hupfumi hwakanga huri kushayikwa. Mabhangi akanga achiripo asina kukweretesa zvakadai seFed akanga atarisira. Pane kudaro, vaive vachikwereta mari yacho. Vakanga vachiri kushandisa kuti vanyorwe pasi rose re subprime mortgage chikwereti chavakanga vachiri mumabhuku avo. Vamwe vakanga vari kuwedzera huwandu hwemari yavo, kungoitika.
Mabanki mazhinji akanyunyuta kuti ikoko kwakanga kusina kukwana vakakwereta chikwereti. Zvichida izvi zvaive nokuti mabhengi akanga awedzerawo kukohwa kwavo. Chero chikonzero chipi nechipi, chirongwa cheFed's QE1 chaitarisa zvakafanana nekukanda tambo. Nhepfenyuro yakange isingagoni kumanikidza mabhangi kubhadhara, saka yakaramba ichivapa zvikurudzira kuita kudaro.
Pasinei Nezvitsva zvitatu, QE1 Yakashanda
QE1 yakanga ine zvipingamupinyi zvinokosha, asi yakashanda zvakazara. Dambudziko rekutanga, sezvakataurwa, nderokuti rakanga risina kubudirira mukukamanikidza mabhengi kuti akweretwe. Kana iyo $ 1 trillion kana kuti iyo Fed yakanga yakapinda mumabhangi yaive yakabhadharwa, ingadai yakawedzera hupfumi ne $ 10 trillion.
Ndiko kuti bhagheni inofanira kuchengetedza 10 muzana yehuwandu hwayo yezvigadziro. Izvozvo zvinozivikanwa sezvokuchengetedzwa zvinodiwa . Inogona kukweretesa zvese, izvo zvino zvinowanikwa kune mamwe mabhangi. Vanongopedza 10 muzana chete muhotera, vachikweretesa zvimwe. Ndizvo zvinokwana $ 1 trillion muFir credit chikwereti chinogona kuva $ 10 triloni muhupfumi huri kukura. Zvinosuruvarisa, iyo Fed haina simba rekuita kuti mabhangi akwerete, uye saka haina kushanda sezvakatarisira.
Izvozvo zvakatungamirira kune dambudziko rechipiri. Ikozvino yakanga yave yakanyorwa-yepamusoro yepamusoro yezvinhu zvingangova nengozi pakureji kwayo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakava nehanya nekuti Fed yakanga yatora subprime mortgage crisis. Kuwanda kwezvikwereti zvinotyisa zvinogona kukuremedza sezvaiita mabhange. Asi Kudha kune unyanzvi husina kukwana yekugadzira mari yekuvhara chero chikwereti chakashata. Yakakwanisa kugara pachikwereti kusvikira misika yemumba yakanga yawana zvakare.
Panguva iyoyo, zvikwereti "zvakaipa" zvakava zvakanaka. Vakanga vane mari yakakwana yekuvatsigira.
Izvozvo, zvechokwadi, zvinotungamirira kuchinetso chechitatu kuburikidza nehuwandu hwekutengesa. Pane imwe nguva, iyo inogona kusimbisa kutengesa kwezvinhu kana kunyange hyperinflation . Ndiko kuti mari yakawanda yeDhidha inogadzira, mari shoma inokosha iripo. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvinoderedza kukosha kwemadhora ose, izvo zvinotenga zvishoma. Chigumisiro chacho ndechekuwedzera.
Asi Fed yakanga iri kuedza kuumba inflation yakanyanyisa. Ndizvo zvaive zvichipikisana nekusawirirana mune dzimba, uko mitengo yakaderera 30 kubva muzana kubva pachirwere chavo muna 2006. IFed yaive ichibata nehutambudzikira pakarepo. Izvo zvakanga zvisina kunetseka nezvekuwedzera kwezvinhu. Sei? Nokuti kuwedzera kwezvinhu hakuiti kusvikira hupfumi huri kubudirira. Ndiyo dambudziko iro Fed raizogamuchira. Panguva iyoyo, zvigadzirwa pamabhuku eFed zvaizowedzera kukosha zvakare. Nheyo yaisazova nechinetso chekutengesa. Kutengesa zvinhu zvinogonawo kuderedza mari yekugovera uye kuporesa chero upi zvayo.
Ndokusaka QE1 yakanga iri kubudirira. Icho chakaderedza chido chezvibereko zvishoma nehuwandu hwepakati. Mari yakaderera kubva pa6,33 muzana munaNovember 2011 kusvika ku5.23 muzana muna March 2010 kwemakore makumi matatu nemakumi matatu ekutsigira chikwereti.
Aya mazinga akaderera akachengetedza musika wekugara pakutsigira hupenyu. Vakasimudzirawo vashandi mune dzimwe nzira. Zvinosuruvarisa, pane dzimwe nguva izvi zvinosanganisira kumhanya pamafuta negoridhe, kutengesa kutenga denga-kumusoro. Asi, rekodhi-kutora mutengo wemari yakaita kuti kugadziriswa kuchidikanwe kuwanika kweAmerica yejinjini yekutengesa zvakare.