A Tarisa Zvinokonzera, Zvinodhura uye Kuyera Mikana Yekuitika Kwazvo zvakare
Icho chakaita kuti Great Recession . Ndiyo apo dzimba dzeimba dzikawira 31,8 muzana , kupfuura kupfuura panguva yekudengenyeka. Makore maviri mushure mekupera kwematambudziko, kupererwa kwebasa kwaive kuchiri pamusoro pe9 muzana . Izvo hazvisi kuverenga vashandi vakaora mwoyo vakanga vasiya basa vachitsvaka.
Zvinokonzera
Chiratidzo chekutanga chekuti hupfumi hwakanga huri mumatambudziko hukaitika muna 2006. Ndiyo apo kutengesa kwemaimba kwakatanga kuwira. Pakutanga, vatsigiri vorumbidza. Vaifunga kuti mari yepamusoro yemakethe yaizodzokera kune imwe nzira yakasimba.
Realtors havana kuziva kuti kune varidzi vepamba vakawanda vane chikwereti chinokanganisika. Mabhangi akanga abvumira vanhu kutora zvikwereti kune 100 muzana kana kupfuura kwehuwandu hwemisha yavo itsva. Vakawanda vakapomera Mutemo weReinvestment Act . Icho chakaita kuti mabanki aite zvikwereti munzvimbo dze subprime, asi iyo yakanga isiri iyo inokonzera chikonzero.
I -Gramm-Rudman Act yakanga iri yechokwadi chaiyo. Iro yaibvumira mabhangi kupinda mukutengesa kunobhadhara mari iyo yavakatengesa kuvasimari. Izvi zvikwereti zvinotsigira zvikwereti zvinoda mari yechikwereti semari. Zvinyorwa izvi zvakagadzira chido chisingadikanwi chekutora mari yakawanda.
Federal Reserve yakatenda kuti subprime mortgage crisis ingaramba yakachengetedzwa kune dzimba.
Fed vane vakuru vakanga vasingazivi kuti kuparadzwa kwaizopararira sei. Havana kunzwisisa zvinokonzera zvikonzero zve subprime mortgage crisis kusvikira gare gare.
Mari yeHedge nedzimwe nzvimbo dzezvemari munyika yose dzine mari yekuchengetedza mari. Izvo zvivimbiso zvaivawo pamwe chete mari , mari yehurumende, uye mari yepensheni .
Mabhenji akanga atora zvigadzirwa zvepakutanga uye akadzigadzirisa mumagetsi. Izvozvo zvakaita kuti zvigadzirwa zvisabviri kutengesa.
Chii chakaita kuti mari yakawanda yepenjeni mari inotenga zvinhu zvinotyisa zvakadaro? Vaifunga kuti inishuwarenzi yakanzi " credit default swaps" yakavadzivirira. Imwe kambani yveshuwarenzi inozivikanwa seAIG yakatengesa swaps idzi. Apo zvigadzirwa zvakarashika zvakakosha, AIG haana kuwana kukwana kwemari yakakwana kuti akudze shanduko dzose.
Mabhanki akatya paakaona kuti vaifanira kutora kurasikirwa. Vakarega kukweretana kune mumwe nomumwe. Vakanga vasingadi mamwe mabhanga achivapa zvikwereti zvisina maturo semari. Hapana aida kubatirira akabata bhegi. Somugumisiro, interbank chikwereti mari (inozivikanwa seLibor ) yakasimuka. Izvi zvisingavimbi mukati mebhanga rebhangi ndizvo zvakakonzera dambudziko remari ra2008 ,
Zvinodhura
Muna 2007, Federal Reserve yakatanga kuputira mari mumabhanki nenzira yeTech Auction Facility . Tichitarisa kumashure, zvakaoma kuona kuti vakashaya sei mazano ekutanga muna 2007 .
Zviito zveFed hazvina kukwana. Muna March 2008, vatengesi vakatevera mushure mekutsvaga mabhizimusi Bear Stearns . Runyerekumo rwakaparidzira kuti rwakanga rune zvizhinji zvehutsvina . Kutakura kusvika kuna JP Morgan Chase kuibhadhara kunze. IFed yaifanira kunakidza mutengo ne $ 30 bhiriyoni chechivimbo.
Wall Street vakafunga kuti kutya kwakapera.
Pane kudaro, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akaderera mukati mezhizha ra2008. Congress yakapa Dhipatimendi reMariki kubhadhara makambani ekubhadhara mari Fannie Mae naFreddie Mac . Izvo mari yakashandiswa $ 85 mabhiriyoni kuti ibhadhara AIG. MunaOctober, izvi zvakasimuka kusvika ku $ 150 bhiriyoni.
Musi waSeptember 19, 2008, dambudziko rakagadzirisa runhare pamari yemari yemari yemari . Ndiyo iyo mafemu akawanda anoisa chero mari yakawandisa iyo ingangodaro yakawanda nekuguma kwezuva. Vanogona kuwana mari shoma pairi usiku hwose. Mabhangi anoshandisa mari iyo kuti iite zvikwereti zvenguva pfupi. Munguva yekumhanya, makambani akatamisa rekodhi $ 140 mabhiriyoni kubva mumari yavo yemari yemakethe mune kunyange mari yakachengetedzwa yeHaigari zvisungo . Kana nhoroondo idzi dzichikanganisika, mabasa ebhizimisi uye hupfumi hwaizokuya kuti imire.
Nhepfenyuro Munyori wenyika Henry Paulson akataurirana naFed Chair Ben Bernanke .
Vakatumira Congress imwe $ 700 biyoni bhailout package. Kupindura kwavo nokukurumidza kwakagadzirisa mabhizimisi kuchengetedza mari yavo mumari yemari yemari.
Republicans yakavhara mushumo wevhiki mbiri. Havana kuda kubhadhara mabhenji. Havana kubvumira mari yacho kusvikira mari yekutengeswa yepasi pose yakangoerekana yanyangarika. Yaiva chimwe chezviitiko makumi matatu nematatu makumi matatu nemaviri (33) zvakakosha mumutambo wegore re2008 .
Asi kubhadharo yebhailout haina kumbhadhara mubhadhadzi we $ 700 mabhiriyoni. Dhipatimendi reMari yeHurumende yakashandisa $ 350 mabhiriyoni kutenga mabhizimisi uye motokari yekambani inotengeswa apo maitengo aive akaderera. Pakazosvika gore ra2012, mabhanga akanga abhadhara $ 194 mabhiriyoni muTARP fund.
Imwe $ 350 mabhiriyoni yaiva yeMutungamiri Obama , asina kumboshandisa. Pane kudaro, akatanga $ 787 mabhiriyoni Economic Stimulus purogiramu . Iko kuisa mari zvakananga mune zvehupfumi panzvimbo yebhangi. Zvaive zvakakwana kugumisa matambudziko emari munaJuly 2009 .
Zvingaita Sei Zvakare
Vazhinji vezvematongerwo enyika vanopomera Fannie naFreddie kuti vatambure. Kwavari, mhinduro ndeyokuvhara kana kuisa padziviriri mapurisa maviri . Asi kana vakavharwa, misika yemumba yaizoputsika. Izvi ndezvokuti vanovimbisa 90 muzana yezvose zvikwereti. Uyezve, kuchengetedza chikwereti (bundling uye reselling loans) zvakapararira kune zvinopfuura imba chete.
Hurumende inofanira kutungamira kuti itonge. Congress yakapfuura Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act kudzivirira mabhengi kubva pakutora ngozi yakawanda. Iyo inobvumira Dhe kuderedza kushamba kwebhangi kune avo vanokura zvikuru kuti vashayike .
Asi yakasiya zvakawanda zvezviyero kusvika kune federal regulators kuti ibudise mashoko acho. Panguva iyo, mabhanga anoramba achikura uye ari kusunungura kubvisa kunyange iri mutemo. Dambudziko rezvemari ra2008 rakaratidza kuti mabhange aisagona kuzvitonga ivo pachavo. Pasina hurumende kutarisa saDodd-Frank, vanogona kuumba imwe dambudziko rese renyika.