2009 Crisis Financial: Tsanangudzo, Nguva, Bailouts

by Kimberly Amadeo

Maitiro Akadzikisa Madzimu

Kune vakawanda veAmerica, dambudziko rezvemari rakawedzera muna 2009. Muna March, misika yemabhizimisi yakawedzera zvakanyanya, kutya vatengesi vaifunga kuti zvakanyanya kupfuura. Foreclosures rose, pasinei nehurumende zvirongwa zvisingangoiti zvakakwana. Muna Gumiguru, uwandu hwemabasa hwakasimuka kusvika ku10% kwekutanga kokutanga kubva muna 1982.

I Obama Administration yakakonzera chirongwa che $ 787 bhiriyoni chakaita mabasa, uye kukura kwezvemari kwakazoshandurwa zvakanaka pakati pegore. Nenzira yepamusoro, Kubvuma Kukuru kwakapera. Muzvokwadi, kukanganisa kwaiva kwakadzika zvokuti zvakatora makore zvisati zvafunga kuti zvinhu zvave zviri nani chaizvoizvo. Kune vakawanda, avo vakaramba vasina kushanda, vakarasikirwa nemisha yavo uye kukweretwa kwekwereti, kana kuti vakamanikidzwa kutora mabasa pamutengo wakaderera, zvinhu zvakanyanya kuwedzera. Kuti uwane zvikonzero uye zviitiko zvekare, ona Financial Crisis 2007 uye Financial Crisis 2008 Timeline .

01 January

January 12 - Mabhangi akarovera kurasikirwa kudarika $ 1 trillion kubvira pakatanga kweApriprime Mortgage Crisis muna 2007. Izvo zvakavamanikidza kuti vauye ne $ 946 mabhiriyoni mumutengo wekugadzirisa kurasikirwa. Somugumisiro, mabhandi akachengetwa mari. Izvozvo zvaisanganisira $ 350 bhiriyoni zvavakagamuchira kubva kuHurumende yeUnited States sechikamu cheBanki Bailout .

02 February

February 13 - Congress yakagamuchira $ 787 Economic Stimulus Package yakatangwa neMutungamiri Barack Obama. Yakakonzera kukura kwehupfumi kuburikidza kupa $ 288 mabhiriyoni mumitengo yekubhadhara mitero, $ 224 mabhiriyoni muhurongwa hwekushaya mabasa, uye $ 275 mabhiriyoni e "foshoro-yakagadzirira" mabasa ehurumende. Yakaisawo $ 2,500 yekoroji yekodhi yemari yekodhi, $ 8,000 mutero wechikwereti kune avo vokutanga pamba pamba, uye kuderedza mutero wekutengesa pamotokari itsva yekutenga. Mutemo wakawedzera kusabatsirana kwebasa nekusimudzirwa kwemitero kune iyo mibairo kuburikidza ne 2009. Yakapa $ 54 mabhiriyoni mumitero yekunyora mabhizimusi emabhizimisi maduku . Gare gare, bhadharo yegore ra2011 yakawedzera $ 64 mabhiriyoni kuti iwedzere zvakawanda zvezvikwereti. Yaiva nehuwandu hwemashoko anokosha akatsigirwa naBaqanda mumushandirapamwe wake. Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko, ona ARRA .

February 18 - Obama akataurira $ 75 mabhiriyoni kuronga kubatsira kubvisa mberi. Muridzi weHomesowner Stability Initiative (HSI) yakagadzirirwa kubatsira varidzi vomunharaunda 7 kusvika kune mamiriyoni vasingabvumirwi nekugadziriswa kana kugadziriswa mari yavo. vasati vasvika kumashure mukubhadhara kwavo. Mazhinji mabhangi haazobvumiri kugadzirisa chikwereti kusvikira uyo anenge akwereta akasafa katatu. Inopa $ 1 000-a-gore kubhadhara chikwereti kune vakwereta vanogara ikozvino. Inobhadharwa kunze kweTARP mari.

February 27 - Bhuku rekupedzisira re BEA rakarongedza huwandu hwayo hwekuwedzera kweGDP kuUnited States 2008 kusvika kune 6.3%. (Izvo zvakanga zvakanyanya kudarika doro re 6.1% iro rakarondedzerwa mumushumo waro wekutanga, asi rakanaka kudarika rakatevera 8.1% rekuderera.) Icho chakanga chakaipa zvikuru kubva muna Q1 1982 apo GDP yakawira 6.4%. Dhora rakasimba rakabatanidzwa nehupfumi hwepasi rose huri kutengesa kunze kwenyika. Kuda kwemari muUnited States kwakakonzera kudiwa kwekuda kuti kudimbuke. Kukura kwehupfumi kwevose muna 2008 kwaiva nehutera 1.1%. (Kubva: GDP News Release)

03 March

March 5 - Dow yakaderera kusvika 6,594.44 kuderera kwe 53.4% kubva pachikwata chayo kusvika pedo ne14 164.43 musi waOctober 9, 2007. Izvo zvakanga zvakanyanya kudarika mamwe mabhizimisi ebhebhe kubvira Kubva Kudenga Kukuru kwa1929 . Nezvimwe, ona Dow's Closing History.

04 April

Kuita Imba Purogiramu Inobhadharwa ndiyo imwe nzira yakatangwa neBrazil Administration kubatsira vashandi vekumba kuti varege kudzivisa. HARP ( Homeowner Affordable Refinance Program ) chimwe chezvirongwa zvayo. Yakanga yakagadzirirwa kukurudzira misika yemisha nekubvumira vanodarika mamiriyoni maviri vane mvumo yekubhadhara chikwereti mumisha yavo kugadzirisa, vachishandisa zvishoma zvekutengesa mari . Zvinosuruvarisa, mabhangi aingovawo pangozi-kupindira kubatsira avo vane zvishoma-kupfuura-stellar chikwereti. Pane kudaro, ivo vanochera-vakatora mavoti. Hurumende yeBritain yakaunza HARP munaApril 2009. Makore maviri gare gare, varimi vepamba chete 810 000 vakabatsirwa. Zvinopfuura 90% zvakange zvisingasviki 5% zvakaderera pasi.

05 August

Foreclosures yakaramba ichingowedzera, kudming tariro yehupfumi huchadzoka. Mabhangi angadai akadzivirira matanho nekugadzirisa zvikwereti. Izvozvo zvingave zvakuvadza zvakashata, asi rekodi foreclosures - 360,149 munaJuly - kungoita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere. Nhamba yekutsvaira kwaJuly yakanga yakanyanya kubva kuna RealtyTrac yakatanga kuchengeta zvinyorwa muna 2005. Yaiva 32% yakakwirira kudarika muna 2008.

Mabhangi anofunga kuti zvaive zvakakosha kubhadhara pane imwe imba kunze kwekuita kugadziriswa kwechikwereti, maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi dzinoongorora. Foreclosures yakaramba ichingomuka apo iyo inogadziriswa yakawanda mari yepamusoro yakasvika nekuda kwepamusoro.

Inopfuura hafu (57%) yepamberi yakabva kune zvingangoti: Arizona, California, Florida, uye Nevada. Mabhenji eCalifornia akafukidzira mapurisa avo ekutungamirira, achitarisira kupera kwepamusha.

I Obama yakabvunza mabhengi kuti azvidira zvekubhadhara chikwereti chechipiri pamusi waNovember 1. Kuita Imba yakagadziriswa purogiramu yakagadzira zvinopfuura 630 000 zvigadziriswa zvikwereti. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakati mabanki akanga achimirira matengo emba kuti avandudzire vasati vaita kugadziriswa kwechikwereti mune tarisiro kuti havazorasikirwa nemari yakawanda.

06 October

Kuwedzera kwemabasa kwakasimuka kusvika 10.0% munaOctober 2009 , yakaipisisa kubva mugore ra1982 recession. Inenge mamiriyoni matanhatu mabasa akanga arasikirwa mumwedzi gumi nemaviri isati yasvika. Mushandi akawedzera vashandi venguva duku, vanochenjererawo nezvehupfumi kuwedzera vashandi venguva yakazara. Zvisinei, minda yehutano hwakanaka uye dzidzo yakaramba ichiwedzera. Izvi zvinowanzoitika munguva yekuderera, sezvinoita vanhu kazhinji vanoita nekushaiwa basa kuburikidza nekurwara kubva mukudzvinyirira kana kudzokera kuchikoro kuwana unyanzvi hutsva.

Panguva iyi, mushumo weGeral Reserve wakaratidza kuti chikwereti chaive pasi pe15% kubva kumabhanga mana makuru emarudzi: Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, uye Wells Fargo. Pakati paApril naOctober 2009, mabhenji aya akacheka mari yavo yebhizimisi neyemabhizimusi vachikwereta ne $ 100 mabhiriyoni, maererano neDhipatimendi yeDhipatimendi yeDhipatimendi. Mari yebhizimisi shoma yakawira 4%, kana $ 7 mabhiriyoni, panguva imwecheteyo.

Kukweretesa kubva kumabhanga ose akaongororwa kwakaratidza kuti chikwata chezvikwereti chakaitwa chakawira 9% pakati paOctober 2008 neOctober 2009. Asi chikwereti chikuru chezvikwereti zvose zvakaitwa zvakakwira 5%. Izvozvo zvaireva mabhenji akaita zvikwereti zvidiki kuvaridzi vashomanana.

Nei mabhengi akweretesa pasi? Zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nezvauri kutaura naye. Mabhanga anoti kune vashomanana vanobhadhara zvakakodzera nekuda kwekutengesa. Mabhizimisi akati mabhizinesi akasimbisa kukwereta kwavo. Kana iwe wakatarisa pamwedzi gumi nemasere ekugadziriswa kwepayipi mumapayipi, zvaiita sekuti mabhengi aikwereta mari kuti agadzirire mune remangwana kunyorwa. Vakanga vachigarawo ne $ 1.1 trillion muhurumende inopa rubatsiro.

Bhizinesi reAmerica rakavimbisa Mutungamiri Obama kuti raizowedzera kukweretesa mabhizimisi maduku uye mashepiti nemadhora mabhiriyoni mashanu muna 2010. Asi izvi zvakaitika mushure mokunge vakaderedza chikwereti ne 21% ($ 58 billion) muna 2009.

07 Sei Usingaregi Mabhengi Achienda Bhiridha?

Paiva nehasha dzakawanda pamusoro pe $ 350 mabhiriyoni mubhadharo emari yakashandiswa kubhadhara mabhanga. Vanhu vazhinji vaifunga kuti kwakanga kusina mutariri. Izvo kunyange mabheji achangoshandisa mari yemabhonasi makuru, uye havafanire kuregererwa nekuita zvisarudzo zvakaipa maererano nemakaro. Iyo nharo inofamba kuti, dai tainge tangosiya mabhenji achienda pangozi, zvinhu zvisina zvazvinobatsira zvingadai zvakanyorwa. Mamwe makambani aizotenga zvinhu zvakanaka uye hupfumi huchava hwakasimba zvikuru semugumisiro. Mune mamwe mazwi, regai hurumende iite chinhu chayo.

Ndizvo izvo Former Treasury Munyori Hank Paulson akaedza kuita naLehman Brothers. Chigumisiro chaiva maranho anotengesa. Yakagadzira kumhanya pane mari yakachengetedzwa yemari yemari yemari . Izvozvo zvakatyisidzira kuvhara mari kubuda kumabhizimisi ose, makuru uye maduku. Mune mamwe mazwi, mushamba wekusununguka haugoni kugadzirisa dambudziko pasina hurumende rubatsiro. Ichokwadi, mari zhinji yehurumende yakashandiswa kugadzira zvinhu izvo zvakabvumira mabhenji kunyora pasi ne $ 1 trillion murasi .

08 Migumisiro Kubva muna 2009

Mutemo uyu wakamisa bhanki credit panic, yakabvumira LIBOR mari yekudzokera kune yakarongeka, uye yakaita kuti munhu wose awane chikwereti. Pasina misika yemarikiti inoshanda, mabhizimisi haakwanisi kuwana guta ravanoda kuti vashandise basa ravo zuva nezuva. Pasina bhiri, zvaisazova zvisingakwanisi kuti vanhu vawane chikwereti chikumbiro chakagamuchirwa kumusha wemari uye kunyange zvikwereti zvemotokari. Mumavhiki mashomanana, kushayikwa kwemari kunogona kutungamirira kuvhara kwemabhizimisi maduku , avo vasingakwanisi kutenga mari yakawanda yekutora. Uyewo, avo vane zvikwereti zvekutengesa mari vachatarisa kuona mari yavo yekubhadhara chikwereti. Izvi zvingave zvakakonzera zvakanyanya kufanirwa mberi. Kukurukurirana Kukuru kwaizove kudengenyeka kwenyika yose. Nokuda kwezvimwe, ona Maitiro Ekuti Bailout Yakukuvadzai .

Musi waAugust 21, 2014, Bhizinesi reAmerica rakabvuma kubhadhara US $ 16.6 billion Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro, iyo yakanyanya kugadziriswa munhoroondo yeUnited States. Iko kugadzirisa kwaive ne $ 9,6 mabhiriyoni uye $ 7 mabhiriyoni mubatsiro kune vanhu shure kumashure kwavo.

Bhengi inofanira kubhadhara zvakashata zvakachengetwa-zvakatsigirwa zvakachengetedzwa zvinotengeswa nenyika Country and Merrill Lynch. BofA vakavatenga muna 2008, vachivaponesa nekusimbisa mari yeUnited States munguva yekutambudzika kwebhangi . Nyika yose yaiva imwe yenyika yakakura yekutenga chikwereti. Merrill Lynch akanga ari wekutanga hupfumi hwekuchengetedza bhangi.

Izvo zvitsva zvaifanira kubatsira Bhizinesi reAmerica kuti zvive zviri nani mumisika iyo apo kupera kwemagumo kwapera. Pfungwa yacho ndeyokuti vaizoita kuti bhangi rive nerudzi rwakasiyana uye ruchikwikwidzana. Panzvimbo pacho, kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekuti ndiani aizotora chikwereti chakaipa chakanga chakarembera pamusoro peBoFA kubva ipapo. Mukuwedzera, Bhengi yakabhadhara mari inopfuura $ 50 biliyoni muzvikwereti pamusoro pemakore.

Iyi mvumo yaive yakakura kudarika iyo yakabhadharwa neCitigroup ($ 7 mabhiriyoni muna July) uye JPMorgan Chase ($ 13 mabhiriyoni munaNovember 2013). (Kubva: Politico, Bank of America Inosvika $ 17 Bhiriyoni, August 7, 2014; Bhizinesi reAmerica Annual Report)