Basa muna 2012 Scandal uye 2008 Financial Crisis
Musi waAugust 4, 2014, ICE Benchmark Administration yakatora hurumende yeLibor kubva kuBritain Bankers Association.
ICE ndiyo chirevo cheIntercontinental Exchange. ICE inotarisa mazinga anobva pane zvinyorwa kubva kune mumwe munhu anopa mabhangi. Iko kunewo jeri rekutarisira kune chero ipi zvayo kubva kune 11 kusvika ku 18 kugovera mabhandi kune imwe neimwe mari yakaverengwa.
Maverengerwo Akaverengwa
Pamberi peIki yakatora, British Bankers 'Association yakabatira Libor. Iyo yakaverenga muyero kubva kune rimwe boka rebhangi rinomiririra nyika mune imwe neimwe yemari yakataurwa. BBA yakabvunza mabhengi kuti inguva ipi yavanozobhadhara mari yakapiwa uye nguva yakareba yakapiwa.
Chikonzero nei ichikosha
Mukuwedzera pakugadzirisa mitero yemarikiti ye interbank, Libor inoshandiswawo kutungamirira mabhengi mukugadzirisa mitengo yekugadziriswa kwemari. Izvi zvinosanganisira kufarira-chete mabheji uye chikwereti chikwereti chikwereti . Vatengesi vanowedzera pfungwa kana maviri kuti vape purofiti.
BBA inofungidzira kuti $ 10 triliyoni muzvikwereti zvinokanganiswa neRibor chiyero. Mabhandi anoshandisawo Libor kuverenga chiyero chechirongwa swaps uye chikwereti swaps swaps .
Aya mabhengi anochengetedza zvinopesana nezvikwereti zvinokanganisa.
Mabhangi akasika Libor muma1980. Vaida chitubu chechokwadi chekuisa chido chekuda kwezviwanikwa. Muna 1986, yekutanga Libor chikwata chakaziviswa. Yaiva mumatatu emari: US dollar, British sterling, uye yen yenJapan .
Iyo Inokubata Sei Iwe
Kana iwe uine chikwereti chinogona kugadziriswa, chiyero chako chichagadzirisa zvakare zvichienderana neRibor chiyero.
Somugumisiro, kana Libor ikasimuka, ndizvo zvichaitawo mari yako yemwedzi. Izvo zvichaitika kune yako yakakosha mwedzi wekwereti chikwereti chikwereti .
Kunyange kana iwe uine chikwereti chaunokwereta uye uchibhadhara kadhi rako rechikwereti mwedzi mumwe nomumwe, kuwedzera kwe Libor kuchakuita iwe. Kunoita kuti zvikwereti zvose zvinodhura. Izvi zvinoderedza kushandiswa kwevatengi uye kunonoka kukura kwehupfumi . Makambani asingakwanisi kuwedzera haafaniri kukoka. Sezvo kuda kunowira, vangave vachida kubvisa vashandi. Kana Libur ichiramba ichikwirira, zvino inogona kuumba kuderera uye kusakosha kwebasa .
Vatongi Vanotarisa Libor
Musi waJuly 26, 2017, United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority yakazivisa kuti inogona kugovera kunze kweRibor ne2021. Ndokusaka mabhengi akatsika pakukweretesa kwavo kune mumwe nemumwe. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti hazvikwanisi kutengesa mune mamwe mari kuti zvipe huwandu hwakanaka hweRibor chiyero.
Bhizinesi reEngland riri kuongorora kushandiswa kwakasiyana. Imwe nzira ndeyeSterling Overnight Index Average. Inoshandisa mabhengi 'husiku hwekubhadhara mari mari mu sterling currency. Imwe ndiyo euro inokweretesa. UK UK Authority yaizogadzirisa zvishoma nezvishoma kushandiswa kupi zvako.
MuUnited States, the Alternative Reference Rates Komiti yakabvumidza kushandisa chinotsiviwa nemadhora emari.
Ichapindira mumutengo mutsva muna 2019. Izvo zvitsva zvichange zvichishandiswa pane izvo zvinoshandiswa nekudzikinura zvibvumirano. Aya maitiro "repo" ndeawo anobva kuChairurys.
2012 Libor Scandal
Muna 2012, bhaclays mabhenji akatopomerwa zvenhema kubhadhara mitengo yakaderera kupfuura iyo yaive ichipiwa mukati megore ra2005 kusvika muna 2009. Somugumisiro, Barclays akabhadharwa $ 450 mamiriyoni. Mutungamiri waro, Bob Diamond, akarega. Diamond yakati mamwe mabhengi akawanda aiita chinhu chimwe chete uye kuti Bhanga reEngland raiziva nezvazvo. Dare reLondon rakagamuchira mabhengi matanhatu munaJanuary 2016. Vatatu mabhengi vakawanikwa vane mhosva muna 2015: Tom Hayes munaAugust, uye Anthony Allen naAnthony Conti weRabobank munaNovember.
Sei Barclays kana bhangi chero ripi zvaro rinoreva pamusoro peRibor rayo? Bhengi inogona kuita mari yakakwirira nokuita kudaro. Mazhinji emabhangi anoona zvakaderera Libor chiyero sechiratidzo chokuti bhangi iri nani kupfuura imwe ine Libor yakawanda.
Sezvo Barclays atumira chidimbu chepasi , ungadai wakabatsirwawo, zvakare. Azasi Libor muyero inoshandura kune chidimbu chechikwereti chechikwereti pane zvakawanda zvinogadziriswa-mutengo wemari.
Iyo Yakabatanidzwa Sei muna 2008 Financial Crisis
Muna 2008, Libor-based credit default swaps yakabatsira kukonzera matambudziko emari . Mabhandi uye hedge funds vaifunga kuti swaps dzaizovadzivirira kubva kune ngozi inotora chikwereti .
Asi apo ma- mortgage epa subprime akatanga kutadza, makambani einishuwarenzi akaita seAmerican International Group Inc. vakanga vasina mari yakakwana yekukudza shanduko. Sangano reFederal Reserve raifanira kubhadhara AIG. Kana zvisina kudaro, vose avo vaibata swapu vangadai vakanganisa.
Libor inowanzowedzera zvishoma zvegumi zvechimwe chinhu pamusoro pekudyidzana kwemari . MunaEpril 2008, mwedzi mitatu Libor yakasimuka kusvika ku2,9 muzana kunyange sezvo Federal Reserve yakabvisa chikamu ichi kusvika 2 muzana. Mabhanki akatya apo Fed yakaiswa kunze Bear Bear. Yakanga ichinyanya kubhadharwa kubva mumari yayo mu subprime mortgages .
Kuburikidza nezhizha ra2008, mabhengi aisazokweretesa kune umwe neumwe. Vakanga vachitya kuti vaizogara nhaka yega rega rega rega rega rega rega. Libor yakaramba ichikurumidza, ichiratidzira mari yakakwirira yekukwereta. Muna Gumiguru, Fed yakaderedza mari yakadyidzana yakawandisa kusvika ku5 muzana, asi Libor yakasimudza kusvika kuma4,8 muzana.
Mukupindura, Dow yakawira 14 muzana sezvo vashandi vanotya. Sei? Rimwe rakakwirira reRibor rakafanana nekutya mutero. Panguva iyoyo, muRibor mhirizhonga yakakanganisa $ 360 triliyoni yezvigadzirwa zvemari zvemari. Uhu hwayo dambudziko nderokufunga. Kuedza nekuisa izvi nenzira yakajeka, nyika yose yezvepfumi "chete" inobhadhara $ 65 triliyoni muzvinhu uye mabasa.
Sezvo Libor akasimudza kusvika pane zvakakwana pamusoro pemari yakabhadharwa mari, yakabata semari inodarika $ 3.6 triliyoni muzvikwereti ichikweretwa kune vakwereta. Izvo hazvina kugovera chinhu kuhupfumi mukudzoka. Vatengesi vaitya kuti "kutya mutero" kwaizoderedza hupfumi hwekugadzira. Izvozvo zvakazviita. Kwete kusvikira $ 700 mabhiriyoni bhailout akabatsira kugutsikana mabhengi akaita Libor kudzokera kumagariro evanhu.
Pasinei nokudzoka kwaRibor kune tsika, mabanki akaramba achichengetedza mari. Mukupera kwaDecember 2008, mabhengi akanga achiri kuisa madhora mabhiriyoni 101 muEuropean Central Bank. Izvo zvaive zvichibva kune mabhiriyoni maviri euro euro pakureba kwedambudziko. Asi yakange yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura inowanzogara 427 Million euro level. Sei vakaita izvi? Vakanga vachitya kukweretesa kune mumwe nomumwe. Hapana aida zvakawanda zvingaita subprime mortgage-backed securities semari. Mabhenji aitya kuti vashandi vavo vaizorega kudarika chikwereti chakaipa pamabhuku avo. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti mabanki ainge achitenderera pamabhangi makuru nekuda kwezvaidiwa mari panzvimbo pane mumwe nomumwe.
Izvozvi Libor yakawedzera zvishoma kunopera kwegore ra2011 sezvo vashandi vekutya vaine hanya nezvekodzero yekutonga chikwereti nekuda kwenhamo yeEurozone . Munguva ichangopfuura sa2012, chikwereti chakanga chichigadziriswa semabhengi akashandiswa mari yakawandisa kuti anyore pasi inoenderera mberi yekutengesa zvishoma.