Unogona Kufungidzira Nyika Isina Mabhanki Here?
Bhizinesi ndechimwe chekufambisa kukuru kwehupfumi hweUnited States. Sei? Inopa huwandu hunodiwa kuti mhuri nebhizimisi dzigadzire mune ramangwana.
Bhengi yebhadhiro uye chikwereti zvinoreva mhuri haifaniri kuchengetedza vasati vaenda kuchikoro kana kutenga imba. Makambani anogona kutanga kushandira pakarepo kuti avake nokuda kwekutsvaga nekuwedzera.
Iyo Inoshanda Sei
Bhangi nzvimbo yakachengeteka yekuisa mari yakawandisa. Izvozvo ndezvokuti Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation inovatsigira. Mabhandiwo anokwereta chikamu chemazana, chikwereti chechido, pane dhipiti.
Mabhangi anogona kuchinja imwe neimwe yemadhora akachengetwa mu $ 10. Zvinongodiwa chete kuchengetedza 10 muzana yemari imwe neimwe iripo. Mutemo iwoyo unonzi reserve inoda . Mabhangi anokweretesa mamwe 90 kubva kunze. Vanoita mari nekubhadhara mari yepamusoro yezvikwereti pazvikwereti zvavo kupfuura zvavanobhadhara mari.
Mhando dzeBhangi
Rudzi rwakajairika rwebhengi ibhenji rezvitengesi . Rudzi urwu rwebhangi rinopa rubatsiro rwemari kuvanhu nemhuri. Mabhenji epaIndaneti anoshandisa paIndaneti. Kune dzimwe mabhizimusi e-online, sega ING neHSBC.
Mazhinji mabhengi akawanda anopa zvinobudiswa pamutambo. Kuchengetedza uye kubhadhara zvikwereti zvinotora zvikwereti. Zvikwereti zvekwereti zvinopa rubatsiro rwemhando yevanhu asi rinoshumira vashandi vekambani kana zvikoro.
Mabhizimisi ezvematengesi anotarisa pamabhizimisi Mabheji akawanda ezvitoro anopawo mabhizimusi emabhizimisi. Mabanki emunharaunda mashoma kudarika mabhengi ekutengeserana
Vanonyanya kufunga nezvemusika. Vanopa humwe hutano hwebasa uye vanovaka ukama nevatengi vavo.
Kubhadhara mari yekutengesa kwaiwanzopiwa nekambani, makambani ari oga. Vakabetsera makambani kuwana mari kuburikidza nehutano hwemapurisa ezvesero kana zvibvumirano . Vakagadzirisawo kusangana pamwe nekuwana. Chechitatu, ivo vakashanda maheji ehomwe yepamusoro yevanhu vanokosha. Mushure mokunge Lehman Brothers vakundikana muna 2008, mamwe mabhengi ekutsvaga kwekutsvaga akava mabhizimisi ekutengeserana Izvozvo zvakavabvumira kugamuchira mari yehurumende yekubhadharira mari. Mukudzoka, ivo vanofanira kunge vachiita zvinoenderana nemitemo iri muDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act .
Shariah banking inoenderana nechechiIslam inorambidza kutora mari. Uyezve, mabhanga echiIslam haabhadhari kudhakwa, fodya uye kubheja mabhizinesi. Vanokweretesa vanobhadhara-vanogovana nemutengi panzvimbo pokubhadhara chido. Ndicho chikonzero mabhengi eIslam akadzivisa pfuma inotyisa yezvikwata zvinotarisirwa mumatambudziko emari muna 2008 . (Zvinyorwa: "Kugoverana Mungozi uye Mubairo," Global Finance , June 2007. "Mishonga yeIslam Inoona Kuwedzera Kunoshamisa," International Herald Tribune, November 5, 2007.)
Central Bank Mabhiriro Akasiyana-siyana Bhengi
Bhengi haikwanise kugovera mvura isina mabhanji makuru.
MuUnited States, iyo ndiyo Federal Reserve . Dhaka inotarisira mabhengi ekubhadhara mari anobvumirwa kukweretesa. IFid ine zvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha:
- Nzvimbo yekuchengetedzwa inoda kubhengi kubhengi chikwereti kusvika 90 muzana yemari yacho.
- Iyo inodyidzwa mari inoshandiswa inotarisa chinangwa chebhanki 'inowanikwa mubhadharo . Ndiyo mhanho mabhanji anotengesa avo vanonyanya kukosha.
- Iwindo rekubvisa ndiyo nzira yemabhanki ekukweretesa mari usiku humwe kuitira kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti vanosangana nechisarudzo chinodiwa.
Mumakore achangopfuura, kubhengi kwakave kwakaoma zvikuru. Mabhangi ave achishanda mune zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro uye zvishandisi. Iyi nhamba yekugadzirisa zvinhu yakaunza kubhengi chikwereti chekwereti muna 2007 .
Mabhengi Akapi Akachinja
Pakati pe1980 ne2000, bhizinesi rebhangi rakapetwa kaviri. Kana iwe uchiverenga zvinhu zvose uye zvivimbiso zvavakazvigadzira , zvingava zvakakura sezvakaitwa muAmerica yose yakagadzirwa mumunda .
Munguva iyoyo, kubatsirwa kwebhangi kwakakura nekukurumidza. Bhengi yakamirira 13 kubva muzana yezvose zvikwereti zvemari munguva yekupera kwema1970. Pakazosvika 2007, iyo inomirira makumi matatu kubva muzana yemari yose.
Mabhanga makuru kwazvo akawedzera nokukurumidza. Kubvira muna 1990 kusvika muna 1999, chikamu chemazana mabhii makuru emadhora ose akawedzera kubva 26 kusvika 45 muzana. Chikamu chavo chekuchengetedza chakawedzerwawo munguva iyo, kubva pa17 kusvika ku 34 muzana. Iko mabhii maviri makuru akaita zvakanaka. Citigroup assets yakasimuka kubva ku $ 700 biliyoni muna 1998 kusvika ku $ 2.2 trillion muna 2007. Yaiva ne $ 1.1 trillion mu-balance sheet assets. Bhizinesi reAmerica rakakura kubva pa $ 570 mabhiriyoni kusvika ku $ 1.7 trillion panguva iyocheteyo.
Izvi zvakaitika sei? Deregulatio n. Congress yakabvisa Glass-Steagall Act muna 1999. Mutemo iwoyo waidzivirira mabhizimisi ekutengeserana kushandisa mari-yakachengeteka yezviwanikwa zvekukuvadza. Mushure mokunge yapera, mitsara iri pakati pebhangi rekutsinhanisa uye mabhizimisi ezvokutengeserana zvakashata Mamwe mabhengi ezvokutengeserana akatanga kutora mari muzvigadzirwa, zvakadai sekutengeswa kwemari-yakatsigirwa. Pavakakundikana, vanoisa pangozi. Izvo zvakaita kuti pave nehanho rakanyanya kusakatika munhau, Washington Mutual , muna 2008.
Iri Riegal-Neal Interstate Banking uye Branching Efficiency Act ra1994 rakabviswa zvinetso pamabhanki emunharaunda. Yakabvumira mabhenji makuru emunyika kuti ave nyika. Mabheji makuru akashongedza zviduku.
Pakazosangana nematambudziko emari muna 2008 , kwaiva ne mabhangi gumi nematanhatu chete anokosha muAmerica. Vaiva Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, American Express, Bank of New York Mellon, Goldman Sachs, Freddie Mac, Morgan Stanley, Northern Trust, PNC, State Street, US Bank uye Wells Fargo. Kubatana ikoko kwakanoreva kuti mabhanga akawanda akazova akakurumbira kukundikana. Hurumende yehurumende yakamanikidzwa kuvabvisa kunze . Dai zvange zvisina, mabhiriro ebhangi angadai akatyisidzira hupfumi hweUnited States pachahwo. (Inobva: Simon Johnson naJames Kwak, 13 Mabanki: The Wall Street Takeover uye The Next Financial Meltdown , Pantheon Books: New York, 2010.)