Iyo Inoshanda Sei uye Iyo Inobata Sei Mari yeUnited States
Chokutanga, mabhanki aya anopa vatengi chikwereti kutenga dzimba, motokari uye fesheni. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvikwereti , zvikwereti zvemotokari uye makadhi emakadhi . Izvo zvinokonzerwa nokushandisa mari zvinotungamirira zvinenge makumi manomwe kubva muzana zvehupfumi hweUnited States. Vanopa huwandu huwandu hwehupfumi nenzira iyi.
Chikwereti chinobvumira vanhu kuti vashandise mari yavanowana ikozvino. Mabhengi ezvekutengesa anopawo zvikwereti zvishomanana zvebhizimisi kumabhizimisi Makambani aya maduku anokwana kusvika 65 muzana yemabasa matsva sezvavanokura.
Chechipiri, mabhangi ekutengesa anopa nzvimbo yakachengeteka kuti vanhu vaise mari yavo. Nhoroondo dzekuchengetedza, zvigwaro zvekuisa pamwe nemimwe michina yezvemari inopa huwandu hwekudzoka huri nani kana uchienzaniswa nekupinza mari yavo pasi pematidzi. Mabhanki anotarisa chido chavo chekuda mari paFed money rate uye mari yeHurumende yezviwanikwa. Ndicho chikonzero vanosimuka uye vanowira pamusoro penguva. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation inochengetedza zvakawanda zvezvipo.
Chechitatu, mabhizimisi ezvitoro anokubvumira kuti uchengetedze mari yako nekutarisa maakaiti uye makadhi ekubhadhara. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti haufaniri kuita zvese zvinotengeswa nebhadharo yemadhora nemari. Zvose izvi zvinogona kuitwa paIndaneti, zvichiita kuti zviwedzere nyore.
Mitauro yeRenbank Banks
Mazhinji emabhanki makuru eAmerica ane mabhizimisi ekutengesa mabhizimusi.
Izvi zvinosanganisira Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, Wells Fargo naCitigroup. Bhengi yekutengesa inosvika 50-60 muzana yemabhengi aya ehomwe .
Kune mabhanki akawanda emadzinza emunharaunda zvakare. Vanonyanya kufunga nezvekuvaka ukama nevanhu vari mumaguta avo emunharaunda, maguta nematunhu. Vanowanzova nemadhora anodarika $ 1 biliyoni muzvinhu zvose .
Zvikwereti zvekodheni ndeimwe rudzi rwebhengi rekutengesa. Vanorega kushanda kune vashandi vemakambani kana zvikoro. Vanoshanda sevasingabatsiri. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti vanogona kupa mazwi akanaka kune avo vanoponesa uye vanokwereta nokuti havasi ivo vanofunga nezvekubatsira sekunge mabhanga makuru.
Kuchengetedza uye zvikwereti mabhenji ekutengesa anotarisa zvikwereti. Vakapotsa vakanyangarika kubva muna 1989 Crisis Savings and Loans Crisis .
Pakupedzisira, Sharia mabhengi anoenderana nekurairirwa kweIslam kunowanikwa mubereko. Saka vakwereta vanogovana mari yavo nebhangi pane kubhadhara chikwereti. Iyi mitemo yakabatsira mabhanga echiIslam kudzivisa matambudziko emari muna 2008. Havana kuisa mari muzviito zvekukuvadza. Aya mabhengi haagoni kuisa mari mune doro, fodya uye kubheja mabhizinesi. (Kubva: "Kugoverana Mungozi uye Mubairo," Global Finance, June 01, 2008. "Mishonga yeIslam Inoona Kuwedzera Kunoshamisa," International Herald Tribune, November 05, 2007)
Inoshandiswa Sei Kubhadhara Mabhangi?
Mabhizimisi ekutengeserana anoshandisa mari ye depositors 'kupa mari. Vanoita mari nekubhadhara mari yepamusoro yezvikwereti kune zvikwereti kupfuura zvavanobhadhara pamabhadharo.
The Federal Reserve , bhenji guru renyika , rinotarisa mabhengi akawanda ezvitoro. Kunze kwebhangi shomanana, inoda mamwe mabhengi kuti arambe akapoteredza 10 muzana yemari yavo inenge yakachengetwa usiku humwe.
Vakasununguka kubhadhara vamwe vose. Pakupera kwezuva rega rega, mabhengi ayo ari pasi pekuchengetwa kweFed inokweretwa kubva kune mamwe mabhangi kuti aite kukanganisa. Mari iyi yakakweretwa inonzi inodha mari .
Maitiro Awo Anobatsira sei Mari yeUnited States uye Iwe
Mabhizimisi ekutengeserana anopa kupiwa kwemari muhupfumi. Sezvo Fed inongoda kuti ichengetedze 10 muzana yemari yekuisa mumaoko, iyo inokweretesa kunze kwe 90 muzana. Dhora roga roga rakabhadharwa rinoenda kumabhengi ebhengi. Ibhangi iroro rinopa chikwereti chepfumbamwe yemari iyi, inopinda mune imwe nhoroondo yebhangi. Ndiyo mabhengi anokwana $ 9 pamadhora ose aunoisa.
Sezvaunogona kufungidzira, ichi chinhu chakasimba chekuwedzera kwezvemari. Kuti uone kuti mufambiro wakanaka, Fed inodzora izvi zvakare. Inogadzirisa chikwereti chebhadharo mari inoshandiswa kubhadhara mari kune mumwe.
Izvozvo zvinonzi kudyidzwa mari inoshandiswa . Ndicho chinonyanya kukosha chikwata munyika. Sei? Mabhenji akaisa mamwe ose maitirwo emitengo maererano naro. Kana Fed inoshandiswa neFed inowedzera, saizvozvo mamwe ose aripo.
Mabhenji mazhinji ezvitengesi akatengesa zvikwereti zvavo kune mabhanga makuru mumusika wechipiri. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, uye nekuda kwekuti vaiva nehomwe huru, ivo vainyanya kubviswa kubva kubhengi rechikwereti chinetso cha2007 .
Dhepfenyuro yeBhangi Dzekutambira
Pamberi kwema1980, mabhanga aive akachengetedzwa zvikuru. Zvizhinji zveizvi zvakauya mukupindura kwegore ra1929 kuwanda kwemisika. Mumakore ekuma1930, Glass-Steagall Act yakarambidza mabhizimisi ekutsvaga kushandisa mari yekuisa mari yekubhadhara mari inotengeswa pamusika .
Bhengi haigone kushanda mumigwagwa yehurumende. Mabhengi ekutengesa akanga asingakwanisi kushandisa mari yavo ye depositors 'yemari kune dzimwe nyika kunze kwokukweretesa. Kazhinji vaisagona kukwidza mari yezvibereko. Mumakore ekuma1970, mabhanga aya akashaya bhizinesi sechipiri-digit inflation yakaita kuti vatengi vabvise mari. Mabhizimisi ekutengesa 'mazamu emari yekutora mazvikwereti akanga asina kukwana mubairo wevanhu kuchengetedza. Mabhanji akadanidzira kuCongress kudarika.
Ye 1980 Depository Institutions Deregulation uye Mutemo Wekudzivirira Kwemari yakabvumira mabhangi kushanda mumigwagwa yehurumende. Mabhanga makuru akatanga kutambisa maduku. Muna 1998, Bhanga reMarudzi rakatenga Bhuku reAmerica kuti rive bhenji rekutanga munyika yose. Mamwe mabhanki akatevera munguva pfupi. Kubatana ikoko kwakagadzira zvigaro zvese zvebhengi zviri kushanda nhasi.
Izvo zvakabvumirawo mabhangi kuti awedzere mari yezvibereko pamari uye mari. Ichokwadi, inoderedza hurumende yenyika pamitengo yemari. Mabhanki akanga asisina kutungamira chikamu chemari yavo kune mamwe mashizha, zvakadai seimba yekugadzirisa mari. Vaigona kushandisa mari yavo mune zvikwereti zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mabhizimusi emari.
Iyo Dhese yakaderedza zvinyorwa zvayo. Izvozvo zvakapa mabhengi mamwe mari ekukweretesa, asi yakawedzerawo ngozi. Kuti abhadhara depositors, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation yakasimudza muganhu wayo kubva pa $ 40,000 kusvika ku $ 100,000 kuchengetwa. (Inobva: "Imari Yezvemari Inoshandiswa muma1980," Federal Reserve Bank yeChicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 9, Nha. September / October, 1985.)
Muna 1982, Mutungamiri Reagan akasayina Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act. Yakabvisa mitemo kune chikwereti-ku-kukosa ratios dzeBhengi dzeMari uye Mari . Yakabvumirawo mabhengi aya kuti aite mari inotengesa zvivako. Pakazosvika 1995, vanopfuura hafu yavo vakanga vatadza. Mari yekuchengetedza uye mari yechikwereti inodhura $ 160 mabhiriyoni.
Muna 1999, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act yakabvisa Glass-Steagall. Iro yakabvumira mabhangi kuisa mune kunyange riskier ventures. Vakapikira kuti vaizozviisa pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwepasi. Izvozvo zvinogona kusiyanisa mapepafisi avo uye ngozi shoma. Asi sezvo kukwikwidzana kwakawedzerwa, kunyange mabhanga emagariro akaiswa mumatambudziko anokanganisa kuwedzera purogiramu uye nhengo dzevashandi.
Dambudziko iro rakaparadza mabhanga akawanda munguva yekutambudzika kwemari muna 2008. Izvozvo zvakashandura mabhengi ekudhinda zvakare. Kurasikirwa kubva kune zvakagadzirwa kwakamanikidza mabhanga mazhinji kunze kwebhizimisi. Muna 2010, Mutungamiri Obama vakasaina Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act . Yakadzivirira mabhenji kushandisa depositor mari yehupfumi hwavo. Vaifanira kutengesa chero ruzivo rwemari dzavaiva nazvo. Izvo zvaidawo mabhengi kuti ave nechokwadi chevakweretesa 'mari kuti vaone kuti vanogona kutenga zvikwereti.
Zvose izvi zvinowedzera zvinodzvinyirirwa mabhengi kuderedza mari. Vakapfiga mabhenji emaruwa emaruwa. Vaivimba zvakawanda pamusoro peATM uye zvishoma pavatauriri. Vakatarisa pamishandiro evanhu pachavo mumutengo wakakwirira unokosha ivo vatengi, uye vakatanga kutora mari yakawanda kune vamwe vose. (Mhedziso: "Nhoroondo Yakawedzerwa yeBusiness Retail," The Wall Street Journal, Septemba 17, 2017.)