Nzira yeCongress yakagadzira sei Greatest Bank Collapse Kubva kuDambudziko
Dambudziko rinodhura $ 160 mabhiriyoni. Vateresi vaibhadhara $ 132 mabhiriyoni, uye shanduro yeS & L yakabhadhara zororo. Sangano reUnited Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation rakabhadhara $ 20 bhiriyoni kuti riise mari ye S & Ls isati yasvika.
S & Ls dzinopfuura 500 dzaive nekuchengetedzwa nemari yehurumende. Kukundikana kwavo kwakadhura $ 185 mamiriyoni vasati vaputsika.
Dambudziko racho rakaguma chakanga chave chiri nzvimbo yakachengeteka yemari yekugadzirisa imba. Izvo zvakaparadzawo pfungwa yehurumende-runhandare bank bank inshuwarise mari.
Scandal
Senate Ethi Ethics Committee yakatsvaga vashanu veSenators veUnited States kuti vaite zvisina kunaka. "Keating Five" yaisanganisira John McCain, R-Ariz., Dennis DeConcini, D-Ariz., John Glenn, D-Ohio, Alan Cranston, D-Calif., NaDonald Riegle, D-Mich.
Vashanu vakatumidzwa zita raCharles Keating, mutungamiriri weLincoln Savings uye Loan Association. Akanga avapa $ 1.5 mamiriyoni muzvikwereti zvemishandirapamwe. Mukudzoka, vanoisa dambudziko ku Federal Federal Loan Banking Board kuti vatarise mabasa anotya kuLincoln. Dare reFHLBB raiva rokuongorora kunyanya kukanganisa, mari yekushambadzira mari, uye zvikwereti zvinokuvadza.
Umambo Kuchengetwa uye Mutero weMesquite, Texas yakabatanidzwa mune zvisiri pamutemo flips uye mamwe mabasa ezvakaipa.
Umambo huripo huripo huwandu hwevateresi $ 300 mamiriyoni. Hafu yeS & Ls yakakundikana yaibva kuTexas. Dambudziko racho rakaita kuti nyika iwedzere kuderera. Apo mabheji 'mashoma emari ekutengesa kwenyika ainge atengeswa, mabhizimusi edzimba dzakaputsika. Izvo zvikwereti zvepamusoro zvehofisi zvakasvika ku30 muzana, asi mutengo usina mafuta wemafuta wakawa 50 muzana.
Zvinokonzera
Sangano reGeral Home Loan Bank Act ra1932 rakasika S & L system yekusimudzira pamba pamba yevashandi. I-S & Ls yakabhadhara pasi-kupfuura-yevheji yehuwandu yemari pane mari. Mukudzoka, vakapa pasi-kudarika-chireji chekutengesa mari. S & Ls yaisakweretesa mari yekutengeserana kwedzimba, kuwedzera kwebhizimisi, kana dzidzo. Havana kupa kunyange kutarisa zvikwereti.
Muna 1934, Congress yakagadzira FSLIC kuti ichengetedze S & L inotumira. Izvo zvakapa hudziviriro imwechete iyo Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation yakaita kune mabhizimusi ekutengeserana. Pakazosvika 1980, vaFSLIC vakachengetedza S & Ls 4,000 nemari yose ye $ 604 mabhiriyoni. Hurumende inotsigirwa nehurumende yeruzhinji yakachengetedza 590 S & Ls nemari ye $ 12.2 billion.
Muma1970, stagflation yakabatanidza kuderera kwehupfumi nehuwandu hwekuwedzera. Sangano reFederal Reserve rakasimudza chikwereti chekuda kuvhara kuwedzera kwemajeri ekuwedzera. Izvo zvakakonzera kutapudza mune 1980.
Kutsika uye kukurumidza kukura kwakaparadzwa S & Ls. Mitemo yavo inobatsira inogadzirisa zvikwereti pamitengo yezvikwereti zvemari uye mari. Dhiyabhorosi vakawana kudzoka kwakakwirira mune mamwe mabhangi.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kukura kunononoka uye kuderera kunoderedza nhamba yemhuri ichikumbira zvikwereti. S & Ls dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa nehuwandu hwekuderera kwepodfolio yemari yakaderera inotora zvikwereti semugove wavo chete.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzera muma1980. Marika yemari yemakethe yakave yakakurumbira. Vakapa zvikwereti zvakadzama zvekuda kuchengetedza pasina inshuwarisi. Apo depositors ichishandura, iyo yakazadza mabheni 'emari yemari. S & L mabhendi akakumbira Congress kuti ibvise mitemo yepasi inoderera. ICarter Administration yakabvumira S & Ls kukwidza mari yemari yekuchengetedza mari. Yakawedzeredzawo inshuwarisi kubva pa $ 40,000 kusvika ku $ 100,000 pamadhora.
Pakazosvika 1982, S & Ls yairasikirwa ne $ 4 bhiriyoni pagore. Icho chaive chichigadziriswa chakakosha iyo indasitiri inobatsira ye $ 781 mamiriyoni muna 1980.
Muna 1982, Mutungamiri Reagan akasayina Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act. Yakagadzirisa kubviswa kwechido chekuda chikwata. Yakabvumirawo mabhangi kuti ave ne40 kubva muzana yezvinhu zvavo muzvikwereti zvekutengesa uye 30 muzana mumarikiti yevatengi .
Kunyanya, mutemo wakabvisa zvigadziriswa kune chikwereti-ku-kukosa ratios . Yakabvumira kuti S & Ls ishandise mari ye federally-insured kuti iite zvikwereti zvinokonzera. Panguva imwecheteyo, kubvisa kwebhajheji kunoderedzwa vashandi vehurumende paFHLBB Izvi zvakakundikana kukwanisa kwayo kutsvaga zvikwereti zvakaipa.
Pakazosvika 1982 na1985, S & L dzikawedzera ne 56 muzana. Vatongi vemutemo muCalifornia, Texas, neFlorida vakapedza mitemo vachibvumira S & Ls yavo kuisa mari muzvivakwa zvepamusoro . MuTexas, 40 S & Ls yakafara katatu muchiyero.
Pasinei nemitemo iyi, 35 muzana yenyika dzeS & L dzakaramba dzisingabatsiri muna 1983. 9 muzana dzakanga dzisingabatsiri. Sezvo mabhenji akapinda pasi, FSLIC yakatanga kushanda kunze kwemari. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, hurumende yakabvumira kuti S & Ls dzakaipa dzigare dzakasununguka. Vakaramba vachiita zvikwereti zvakaipa , uye kurasikirwa kwakaramba kuchikwira.
Muna 1987, FSLIC fund yakatanga kuzivisa inosvika $ 3.8 mabhiriyoni. Congress yakasarudza iyo inogona kugadzika mumugwagwa kuburikidza nekudzokorora zvakare muna May. Asi izvozvo zvakangomhanyira zvisingadziviriki.
Muna 1989, Mutungamiri George HW Bush akasati asarudzwa akazarura chirongwa chake chekubhadhara. Nhepfenyuro yeZimbabwe Reform, Rekuvery and Enforcement Act yakapa $ 50 mabhiriyoni kuvhara mabhizimisi akakundikana uye inomirazve kurasikirwa. Yakamisa sangano rehurumende idzva rainzi Resolution Trust Corporation kuti rive nekutengesa mabhizimusi. Mari yacho yakashandiswa kubhadhara vanoisa mari. FIRREA akashandurawo mitemo yeS & L kuti ibatsire kudzivirira hupfumi huri nani nekunyengera. (Zvinyorwa: "S & L Crisis: A Chrono-Bibliography," FDIC. " Dambudziko rekuchengetedza uye mari uye Ukama Hwayo kuBanki ," FDIC.gov.)