Pamusoro 10 Zviitiko Zvezvemari muna 2008

Mamiriro Ekuti Nyika Yakachinja Sei Gore Rimwe Chete

Muna 2008, chiso chehupfumi hwepasi pose hwakashanduka nokusingaperi. Mabhengi ekutsvaga mari, chikwereti chechikwata chechikwata, uye misika yemari yepamutemo isina kukwana yakanyangarika. Sezvo mushamba wekusununguka wakakundikana, hurumende yakatenga chikamu chekutonga mumabhangi nemakambani einishuwarenzi. Iko mabhizimusi makuru pasi rose akawedzera huwandu hwemari. MunaSeptember wegore iroro, takauya pedyo nekuderera kwehupfumi . Zvinoratidzika kuti hatina kutora zvakare.

Heano pane zviitiko gumi zvepamusoro muna 2008.

1. Fed Innovated to Replace a Failed Banking System. Muna 2008, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke akashandisa zvigadzirwa zvekutendera kuti Fed ifukidze mari yakakundikana. Muna March, Fed yakatanga Mutengo Wemazuva Ekupedzisira. Yakaita zvikwereti zvenguva pfupi zvinowanikwa kune mabhengi akachengeterwa mari uye aisazokweretesa. MunaOctober, Fed yakaita madhora mazana mashanu emadhora mabhiriyoni ekubhadhara mari mari yemusika. MunaNovember, Fed yakabvumirana kutenga $ 800 mabhiriyoni muzvikwereti zvinotsigirwa zvekutora chikwereti mukutedza kuderedza chido chekuda . Mune basa rayo sebhangi rekupedzisira, Fed yakava gomba rega raive richiri kukweretesa.

2. Takura Stearns Kuendesa mberi. MunaMarch, Federal Reserve yakatanga musangano wekupedzisira wekupedzisira kwemavhiki ekumhanya kwemakore makumi matatu ekuedza uye kuchengetedza bhajeti yemari Bear Stearns . Zvaiva, pangozi yekuenda kubhadharwa nekuda kwemubi MBS uye nezvimwe zvikwereti zvinokwereta chikwereti . Ita Feds yaitya, uye zvakakodzera kudaro, kuti kukundikana kwe Bear Bear kwaizotapukira kune mamwe mabhiriji ekutsvaga mari.

Izvi zvaisanganisira Merrill Lynch, Lehman naCitigroup. Muzvokwadi, ndizvo zvakazoitika neLehman's bankruptcy. Pakazopera gore ra2008, Citigroup aidawo bhaari-kunze, kunyange zvazvo yaifungidzirwa kuti haina mari ine bhengi yebhizimisi.

3. Freddie Mac uye Fannie Mae Bailout. MunaSeptember 2008, makambani ekubhadhara mari Fannie Mae naFreddie Mac vakava masangano ehurumende zvakare.

Vakabata kana kuti vakavimbisa mari inodarika $ 5 trillion, kana hafu, yemari yekudzivirira mari. Dhipatimendi reMari yeAmerica yeUnited States yakatenga madhora mabhiriyoni zana muzvikwata zvakasarudzwa uye MBS . Chiito chakauya mushure mekutengesa kweWall Street kunotyisa kwakaita kuti Fannie naFreddie vagovheneke. Izvozvo zvakaita kuti zvibvirire kune makambani ega ega kuti awedzere mamwe mari pachawo. Nokuda kwezvimwe, verenga Mari dzeFannie naFreddie Bailout .

4. Lehman Hama Bankruptcy Yakagadziriswa Kudengenyeka Kwepasi rose. Kana Treasurer Munyori Paulson ainge aziva chete kuti chiito chake chaizotungamirira mukuderera kwenyika yose . MunaSeptember, akati kwete kuhurumende kuchengetedzwa kweRahman $ 60 bhiriyoni musingazivikanwi kutengesa mari. Izvo zvakaitika munguva yekupera kwevhiki kwekugoverana nevaya vaigona kutenga Bharlay's uye Bank of America. Panguva iyoyo, akafunga kuti mari yacho yakanga yakawandisa. Akanga ari kumanikidzirwa kuti achengetedze hurumende kubva pachigamba. Iye zvino, zvinoratidzika kunge sediki madhayamate. Hama dzaLehman dzakashungurudzwa pasi rose mabhengi. Izvozvo zvakabatsira kuita kuti Great Recession .

5. Fed Fed Nationalized AIG. MunaSeptember, Federal Reserve yakatenga chikamu mu inshuwarti giant AIG . Sei AIG yaifanirwa kuchengetedza? Nokuti inotsigira chikwereti chinoshandiswa swaps . Ivo vanobhadhara zvikwereti uye zvikwereti zvisingabatsiri.

Kana AIG akapinda pasi, ndizvo zvaizoita zvose zvezvikwereti. Nzvimbo dzezvemari dzakapoteredza nyika dzaiva nadzo. Izvo zvaisanganisira mari yemari yemakakiti, mari yepensheni uye mabhadharo ekurega mari. MunaNovember, Fed yakawedzera kubhadhara kubva ku $ 85 mabhiriyoni kusvika ku $ 150 biliyoni.

6. Mari dzeMarike Froze. MunaSeptember mabanki akasiya $ 160 mabhiriyoni kubva kune-ultra-safe money market accounts . Mabhandi akachengetedza mari yekunyora-pasi yakaipa mari yekugadzirisa uye kubviswa mubhagheni. Pakupera kwevhiki, mabhandi akachengetedza $ 190 mabhiriyoni mumari. Icho chaipikisa $ 2 bhiriyoni kuchengetedzwa. Kuchengetedza kwakaita kuti kuwedzere muhotera yeBOROR . Izvozvo zvakasimudza mutengo we $ 360 triloni muzvikwereti uye mari yekadhi yemakadhi. Kubhadhara chikwereti kwakakonzera kushayikwa kwemari kwemabhizimisi akawanda, akadai seDiscuit City uye Makuru Makuru matatu emotokari . Mukupindura, iyo Federal Reserve yakaderedza nhamba yemari kusvika zero, ichideredza LIBOR.

Asi, mabhanga anoramba achichengetedza mari.

7. End of Investment Banking. MunaNovember, Goldman Sachs naMorgan Stanley vakazova mabhizimisi emabhizimisi. Vakanga vave mabhizimisi maviri ekubudirira ekutsvaga muWall Street. Izvozvo zvakagumisa nguva yekuregererwa uye yakawanda pangozi.

8. Chikwata Chekutengesa Kwemari. Pakupera kwa2008, Dow yakanga iri pasi 34 muzana, ichivhara pa8 816.62. Mamwe majee akaipisisa kupfuura izvozvo. S & P 500 yakaguma pa 907.22 (a 38 muzana inopera), MSCI Europe Index yakaderera 45 muzana, uye MSCI Asia Pacific Index yakaderera 43 muzana. Dow yakawira 25 muzana munaOctober chete , kubva pa8 831 musi waOctober 1 kusvika ku17 175 musi waOctober 27. Yakasvika pakaderera kusvika 7 522 musi waNovember 20, 46 muzana inopera kubva munaOctober 2007 yakakwirira ye14 164.

9. $ Billion Billion Kufukura. Musi waOctober 3, Senate yakapfuudza mari ye $ 700 mabhiriyoni ekubhadharira , ikozvino inonzi chirongwa cheTARP . Purogiramu yacho yakatanga kugadzirirwa kutenga zvigadzirwa zvehutu zvinotapira kubva kumabhangi, kusunungura mari yezvikwereti zvakawanda. Asi zvakatora nguva yakareba kuti zviite. Musi waOctober 14, Treasury yakashandisa $ 350 bhiriyoni yePurogiramu yeRudzi rweKutsvaga . Yakatenga zviyo zvakasarudzwa mumabhandi makuru. Izvozvo zvakapa hurumende pfuma. Nenguva yaNovember, mari yacho yakashandiswawo kuchengetedza makambani ekadhi rechikwereti mubhizinesi. Pakupera kwaNovember, Citigroup akabatanidzawo nhamba yebhailout. Imhizha yemotokari yakagamuchira chikamu chezvavakakumbira.

10. Obama Won Presidency. Barack Obama akakunda hurumende musi waNovember 3, 2008. Akavimbisa kupa tariro yakawanda inotarisirwa kuti adzore hupfumi hwakasimbiswa. Zvirongwa zvake zvakabatsira kubvisa kuvimba mune zvemari dzemari . Akarongedza masangano ehurumende , akashandura kuve pachena kwekutaura kwemari, uye akaputsika pamabasa ekutengesa. Chinhu chake chekutanga chakanga chiri chokuputira madhora mazana mana emadhora emadhora mumari kuburikidza nekununura mitero uye mapurogiramu emabasa. Apo imwe nguva dambudziko rakagadziriswa, Obama akaisa purogiramu yakawanda yepurogiramu yake 10 . Icho chaisanganisira kushandiswa kwebasa nekushanda kwezvakatipoteredza kune zvibvumirano zvekushandira pachena, uye kushanduka kwehutano .

Obama akazvikomberedza nepamusoro-kukudza, kukudzwa, uye vane ruzivo rwehupfumi. Akaisa pamwechete Economic Advisory Board, yakatungamirirwa naimbova sachigaro weFederal Reserve Paul Volcker . Akamutumidza zvakaoma-kurova Maria Schapiro semukuru we Securities and Exchange Commission. Semunyori weHurumende , Tim Geithner akaunza ruzivo kubva kuNew York Fed uye International Monetary Fund . Visi-purezidhendi weku Obama, Joe Biden akaunza ruzivo rwakakura rwemari yehutambi.