Vatungamiri venyika Vanotaura Nehugandanga, Kushanduka Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu uye Economic Crises
Mutemo mukuru weG-20 ndeyekudzivirira matambudziko emangwana emangwana emangwana emangwana. Inotsvaka kugadzirisa mararamiro ehupfumi enyika yose.
Inokweretesa maonero eAsia neLatin America kukura kwehupfumi. Izvo "zvinowedzera huwandu hwenyika dzakawanda dzezvematongerwe enyika uye hwezvemari."
Vakuru vezvemari uye vatungamiriri vebhandi vebhangi vemagariro eG-20 vanosangana kaviri pagore. Vanosangana panguva imwecheteyo se International International Monetary Fund uye World Bank .
Muna 1999, vashumiri ava uye vatongi vakasika G-20. Vaida ruzivo pakati pekusimudzira uye nyika dzakabudirira. Vakanga vari kupindura kudambudziko reAsia Asia currency . Misangano yakatanga sekusangana zvisina kukodzera kwevashandi vezvemari nemabhengi makuru.
2017 Musangano weMusangano
July 7-8, 2017: Hamburg, Germany. Musangano wacho wakanyatsofunga nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro okunze uye kutengesa kwenyika yose. Izvo hazvina kufambira mberi. Mutungamiri weUnited States Donald Trump anopikisa maonero emamwe nyika 19. Trump akanga adzoka kubva muParis Climate Agreement. Mamwe nhengo dzeG-20 dzichaita musangano wekutsvaga mamiriro ekunze muDecember kuti uende mberi.
Trump zvakare yakatyisidzira kuisa mitemo yekutengeserana pamusoro pesimbi. Izvozvo zvinogona kutanga hondo yebhizimisi. Akati iye pane mune zvokudya glut. I-G-20 yakabvumirana kugovana ruzivo pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwesimbi. Ichasvitsa mushumo wepamutemo waNovember.
G-20 yakabvumirana kubvisa nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzehugandanga mari. Inobvunza boka rega roga kuti ribatsire.
Ichagadzirisa kusawirirana muNorth Korea, Siria, neUkraine.
Musi waJuly 7, Trump uye Mutungamiri weRussia Vladimir Putin vakaungana voga kwemaawa maviri. Apo Trump yakabvunza pamusoro pekushandura kweRussia mumusarudzo wegore ra2016, Putin akaramba. Vakabvuma kuregera kwemazuva mashoma muSiria.
Mhemberero Yakaitwa Musangano
Svondo 4-5, 2016, Hangzhou, China. Vose veUnited States neChina vakabvumirana kubvumirana kushandura kwekushanduka kwemugodhi weParis . Idzo ndiyo miviri yakaipa zvikuru yezvinomera zvegreenhouse. Russia neUnited States havana kubvumirana pakugumisa hondo yeSiriya. China yakanyunyuta kuti dzimwe nyika dzinofanira kurega zvimwe zvekutengeserana kusununguka. Asi China yava kunyanya kudzivirira pachayo.
November 15-16, 2015, Antalya, Turkey. Musangano uyu wakanga wakanyatsotarisana nekutarisana nekurwisa kwegandanga muParis. Nhengo dzakabvumirana kuti dzisimbise miganhu yekutarisana nekutyisidzira. Panguva imwe chete, vaizobvuma vapoteri vakanga vari kupukunyuka hondo yekurwisa boka reIslamic State. IUnited States yakabvumirana kugoverana huchenjeri huzhinji neFrance nedzimwe nhengo. Zvaisazoendesa kune varwi pasi. Asi iyo inotsigira Siriya neIraqi mauto kurwisa boka reIslamic State. Vakarondedzera mamwe matanho ekugadzirisa mari yeboka reIslamic State.
November 15 -16, 2014, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Musangano uyu wakarambidza kurwiswa kweRussia kuUkraine . Nhengo dzose dzakavimbiswa kuti dzichashanda pamwechete kuti dziwedzere kuwedzera kwePGDP kusvika ku1% kubva muna 2018. Izvo zvaizowedzera $ 2 triloni kuhupfumi hwepasi rese. IUnited States neEurope vakamanikidza boka kuti ritore chiito chakasimba pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvo zvakanga zvisiri pamutemo wepamutemo. Vatungamiriri vakavimbisa kuita zvose zvavanogona kurwisa Ebola muWest Africa. Mutungamiri Obama akasangana nevatungamiri veJapan neAustralia. Vakabvumirana kushanda kumagadziro ane rugare emakakatanwa muSouth China Sea.
Svondo 5-6, 2013, St. Petersburg, Russia. Zvisina kufanira, musangano uyu wakatarira pane mhinduro kuSiria yemakemikari zvombo kurwisa. Mutungamiri Obama vakatsvaka rubatsiro rwekutsvaga kweUnited States, asi vamwe vakakavadzana nezvezvikwereti zvezvemari.
Russia inotsigira hurumende yeSyria nemaoko nekutengeserana. China inonetseka nezvekuwedzera kwemafuta emafuta. France, Turkey neArabia Arabia inotsigira mutsara wemhepo. Zvepamutemo, vatungamiri vakanyanya kukurudzira hupfumi hwepasi pose. Nyika dze BRIC dzakatsvaga G-20 chiito chekusimbisazve hupfumi hwavo. Vakanga vachimanikidzwa nekubviswa kwekuda mari kune dzimwe nyika .
June 18-19, 2012, Los Cabos, Mexico. Dare remakurukota rinotaura nezvekukwereta kwekodzero kweEurozone . G-20 Chancellor wechiGerman anonzi Angela Merkel kushanda nevamwe vatungamiri veEuropean Union . Vaida kuti chirongwa cheGurongwa chekugadzirisa chinogadziriswa chigadzirise hurongwa hwemari yechiGreece Germany haina kubhadhara Greece pasina matanho . Izvi ndizvo zvinoreva kuti vateresi veGermany vanowanzosangana nemari yakakwirira yekubhadhara bhailout. Germany yega inotokodzerwa zvikuru. Germany yakasimudzira mari yehurumende kubatsigira mari yeUnited Union. Izvozvo zvaireva vemuUnited States vaizorega kutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika kwehuwandu hwavo hwemari kuitira kubvumirwa kweUnited States. Izvi zvaive zvakakodzera vasati vatsigira Euro-width bonds.
November 2-4, 2011, Cannes. Furanzi. Musoro wacho wakataura nezvechikwereti chechikwereti chechiGiriki . Nhengo dzakabvumirana pane zvirongwa zvekuita mabasa .
November 11-12, 2010, Seoul, South Korea. Pamberi pemusangano weG-20, Vashumiri veMari vakatsigira kumira mari yemari . Zvakaitika zvikuru pakati peChina neUnited States. Hondo idzi dzinogona kuunza kutengesa kwenyika yose muzvokudya, mutengo wamafuta , nezvimwe zvinhu. USTreasury Munyori Tim Geithner akapikira kuti United States ingadai isingasviki mumusika naHadurys. Izvozvo zvingadai zvakaderedza pasi kukosha kwedhora. Emer market yemakabvumirano vakabvumirana kubvumira mushambadzi wekutanga kusarudza mari yavo inokosha. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti vaizovabvumira kuti vamire, kana zvichifanira. Izvi zvakafambisa dhora pasi uye mushamba wemabhizimisi kumusoro. Vatengesi vekufananidzira vakanga vatarisira chibvumirano chikuru cheUnited States neChina kuchengetedza mari yavo yakasimba. Pane kudaro, Federal Reserve ichazotenga zvimwe Treasurys. Izvo zvicharamba zvichengetedza chikwereti uye dhora iri pasi. Vatengesi vatengesa madhora, vachityaira kukosha kwayo pasi. Mukupindura, Dow yakasimuka imwe yezana. Dhora rinowira rinokosha rinoita kuti US inotakura inodhura kune vatorwa. G-20 nhengo dzakabvumirana kuti dzishandure 6 kubva muzana emasimba ekuvhota muImF kunyika dzinotengesa mabhizimusi. Izvo zvakapfuurira kuchinja chikamu chemasimba kubva kumarudzi G-7.
June 26-27, 2010, Toronto, Canada . Vatungamiri vakabvumirana kuderedza kukanganisa kwavo kwebhajheti muhafu yegore ra2013. Vakavimbisa kubvisa kukanganisa kwemakore matatu gare gare.
April 1-2, 2009, London, United Kingdom . Vatungamiri veG-20 vakavimbisa $ 1 trillion ku IMF uye World Bank kuti vabatsire nyika inotengeserana nemakatengi kudzivisa migumisiro yekuderera. Vakapikira $ 250 mabhiriyoni mune mari yezvemari. Vakabvumiranawo kukudziridza mitemo mitsva yezvemari, kugadzira mutariri wevatariri, uye kukanganisa pasi pemari yeheji . Somugumisiro, Dow yakasimuka kudarika mazana mana, ichikwira kumusoro kwe8,000 kwekutanga kokutanga mumwedzi miviri.
Svondo 24-25, 2009, Pittsburgh, United States. Vatungamiri vakagadzira imwe nyaya yezveMari yakasimba. Ichava nehutano hwemitemo yezvemari kune dzimwe nyika dzeG-20. Bhodi richashanda neWorld Bank uye IMF. Vakatambirwa kushandiswa kuita zvizhinji zvezvirevo izvi. Vakabvuma kuwedzera mabhizimisi ' emari yaidiwa. Vakasarudza kusunga mubhadharo mukuru kune nguva refu, kwete nguva pfupi, kushanda. Vaidawo kutora zvese zvibvumirano zvekugadzirisa magetsi. Nenzira iyo, vanogona kutarisisa zviri nani. Pakupedzisira, vakaratidza kuti makambani "akakura zvikuru kuti asakundikana," saAIG, kuumba zvirongwa zvepasi pose. Izvozvo zvaizoita kuti vaone kuti kuparara kwavo kwaisazokanganisa nyika yose yezvepfumi.
November 16-17, 2008, Washington, DC. I-G-20 yakaitisa yekutanga-iyo nguva dzose. Pamberi pemusangano uyu, G-7 akatungamira zvirongwa zvehupfumi zvenyika yose. Nyaya yacho yaiva yekutambudzika kwemari muna 2008 . Vatungamiri vemakambani vakamuka vakakumbira United States kuti itonge masoko ayo emari zviri nani. United States yakaramba. Vatungamiri vaidawo mutemo wakanakisisa wehedge funds uye makambani ekuenzanisa zvikwereti se Standard & Poors . Vakatsvakawo kusimbisa mitemo yekuverenga uye zvigadzirwa . Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokonzera dambudziko rezvemari rakanga risina kukwana mitemo nemitemo.
G-20 Nhengo dzeMarudzi
Nhengo dzeG-20 dzinosanganisira marudzi eG-7: Canada, France, Germany , Italy, Japan , UK uye United States. Iri boka rezve nyika rinosanganawo pachavo.
Iko kune makumi gumi nemaviri anotengesa misika uye maduku maduku akapfuma. Ivo vari Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico , Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea neTurkey. IU EU inhengo yeG-20.
Chikonzero nei G-20 Ichikosha
Kukura kweBrazil, Russia, India neChina (nyika dze BRIC) zvakakonzera kukura kwehupfumi hwepasi rese. Nyika dzeG-7 dzichikura zvishoma. Nokudaro, nyika dze BRIC dzakakosha pakuvimbisa kupfuurira kwehupfumi hwepasi rose.
Munguva yakapfuura, vatungamiri veG-7 vanogona kusangana nekugadzirisa nyaya dzezvematongerwe enyika munyika pasina kupindira kukuru kubva kunyika dze BRIC. Asi nyika idzi dzave dzichinyanya kukosha pakupa zvido zveveG-7 nyika. Somuenzaniso, Russia inopa gasi yakawanda yeEurope. China inobereka zvakawanda zvekugadzira United States. India inopa zvepamusoro-soro mabasa.
G-20 Inofambisa
Misangano yeG-20 inowanzova nzvimbo yezvipupuriro zvinopesana negwara reG-20. Vanoti boka racho rinonyanya kukoshesa pane zvezvemari uye kudyidzana kwenyika. Vaparidzi vanoda kuti vatungamiri veG-20 vatarise pane imwechete kana yakawanda yezviitiko izvi:
- Urombo. IOntal Coalition Against the Poverty Leader John Clarke akati, "Zvose zvakakonzera kuunganidza boka iri zvakange zviri pamusoro pekushaya vanhu, uye kubatsiridza vanhu vane ruzivo rwevanhu." Muna 2010, vapikisi vaipikisana neG-20 inotarisa pamutoro wezvematongerwe enyika uye kusagadzikana pamutengo wemagariro evanhu. Vaivawo vanopesana ne $ 1 biliyoni mari yemusangano pachake, iyo yakatakurwa nevateresi veCanada.
- Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. Vapindi vezvematongerwo enyika vaida kuti G-20 idzoke pakupisa kwepasi sekutanga.
- Gender Equality. G-20 nyika dzinoda kubhadhara zvakanyanya kodzero dzemunharaunda yeGGBT. Vanokumbira mamwe mari ekuronga mhuri, kusanganisira kubvisa pamuviri.
- Kuenda kune dzimwe nyika. Vashandi vezvematongerwo enyika vakatsvaga miganhu yakasununguka yevakabva kune dzimwe nyika vachitizira "mhirizhonga uye mamiriro ekunze." (Chinobva: "Zvinoitwa neG-20 Zvakanyatsoitika Neiko," Alixandra Gould, The Faster Times, Gumiguru 27, 2010.)