Ndiani Anobata uye Anoponesa
Yakapisa zvakadini? Kubva kuma1880, pasi rese yekushisa yakasimudza 2.1 degrees Fahrenheit. Ndiyo 1.2 digrii Celsius. Muchibvumirano cha2016 chaParis, nyika dzakabvumirana nekushisa kunofanirwa kusapfuuri ma2 degrees Celsius.
Nguva yekupedzisira nyika yakange ichidziya yaiva makore 11 000 apfuura. Icho kupisa kwakakonzerwa nekushandura mumugumo wenyika. Nokukurumidza yakatungamirira ku Little Little Age. Panguva ino, kutonhora kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwemagetsi. Kutema kunongopisa.
Muna 1975, Purofesa William Nordhaus yekutanga akanyevera nezvehupfumi hwehupfumi hwepasi rose. Akafanotaura kuti kubatanidza kabhoni dioxide kwaizowedzera kutonhora 2 degrees Celsius. Kutsigira pamusoro pehutano hwepamusoro huri kurohwa nepakati. Chikamu chikuru che polar ice caps chichanyunguduka, uye kuwedzera gungwa. Izvi zvingaita kuti riopopotera zvinyorwa zvingaderedza kutapira 5 degrees Celsius munguva refu.
Muna 2014, Bhenyika Yenyika yakafanotaura kuti kutonhora kuchawedzera 4 degrees Celsius kana pasina chakaitwa. Pachando ichocho, mazaya echando muGreenland neWest Antarctica anonyunguduka. Yakasanganiswa, inomutsa gungwa chiyero 33 mamita. Kana imwe nguva gungwa richikwira mamita gumi chete, vanhu vane mamiriyoni 12.3 vanogara pamwe nemahombekombe eUnited States vachamutswa.
Panzvimbo pokuteerera nyevero yaProfesa Norhaus, munhu akabvumira kupisa kunowedzera kukurumidza. Kwemakore makumi maviri ekupedzisira, pasi pekushisa kwepasi rose yakasimuka ma1 digrii Celsius, kana kuti inenge 0.3 degrees Fahrenheit, mumakore gumi. Izvozvo zvakapetwa kaviri kubva ku07 degrees Celsius pamakore gumi zvichiwedzerwa panguva yose yezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa (1880-2015).
Mazhenesa munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa ari kuwedzera kunyange nokukurumidza. Mumakore makumi matanhatu akapfuura, Alaska yakadziya ne 1.7 ° C. Iko kaviri nokukurumidza sezvakaitwa nevamwe veUnited States. Muna 2016, chiyero chegungwa rechando munguva yechando chakanga chakanyora pasi. MunaFebruary 2017, kutsetseka kuNorth Pole kwakasimuka madigiri 45 pamusoro pezvaiitika. Bering Strait yakanga isingasviki. Kusava kwechando chegungwa kunobatsira kuramba uchidziya sezvo mvura yerima inopisa mazuva ekubuda kwezuva.
Glaciers muAntarctica vari kurasikirwa nehutanda hwavo pamutengo "unoshamisa kwazvo". Semuenzaniso, mapikicha estaneti akatorwa pakati pe1992 na1996 akaratidza kuti Pine Island Glacier yakakanganiswa nehuwandu hwema 1.6 mamita pagore. Ndizvo zvakapetwa ka 42 zvakapfuura 3.8 masentimita kupera kwegore negore pamusoro pemakore ekupedzisira 4 700.
Kupisa kwepasi pose kunodhura hurumende yeUnited States mari inodarika madhora mabhiriyoni mazana matatu kubva muna 2007 kusvika 2017. Ichasvika madhora 112 biliyoni pagore munguva yemberi, maererano neU.S. Government Government Accountability Office.
Kupisa kwepasi pose kunobata nzvimbo imwe neimwe zvakasiyana, kugadzira vakunda uye vakarasikirwa. Izvi zvinotora kuti kutonhora hakupfuuri 2 degree Celsius chinangwa.
Vanokunda
Nzvimbo dzakaoma dzebhandi rekuSouth farm dzichagamuchira nguva yakakura yekukura. Alaska inogona kuzarurirwa kune hutsva hutsva.
Izvo zvinoenda kunyika dzeScandinavia. Ikozvino, nguva inokura muGreenland ine vhiki mbiri yakareba kudarika muma1970. Washington, DC ine nguva yekare yekushanyisa, sezvo cherry miti yakatanga kukura kwevhiki pasati yapfuura makore makumi maviri apfuura.
Russia neCanada vangava vanobatsirika zvikuru nokuti vane nyika yakakura yakawanda yakawanda. Izvozvo zvingashandura zvakajeka chikamu chemasimba.
Zvinyorwa pamwe neNorth West Passage zvinobatsira kubva mukunyunguduka kwechando. Zvitsva zvitsva zvichagadzira mari shoma dzekutumira mari.
Vanosuwa
Nguva yakareba kwenguva yakareba yakapedza nguva yemazuva ose. Mune zvimwe zvikamu zvenyika, nguva yemaruva yakawedzera nemazuva makumi maviri nemashanu kubva muna 1995 kusvika muna 2015. Somugumisiro, mamiriyoni makumi mashanu ekudzivirira mweya uye vane chirwere chinokonzera zvirwere vachabhadhara mari yekuwedzera kweutano . Mazinga akakwirira emagetsi anopisa anokurudzira mbeu kuti dzibudise mapurini akawanda.
Izvo zvinogadzira "super pollen" iyo yakakura uye naizvozvo yakawanda inogumira. Masayendisiti anofanotaura kuti mapoleni anoverengeka achapetwa kaviri ne2040. Purofesa weStanford University Mark Markson akafungidzira kuti vanhu 1 000 vaizofa nekusvibiswa kwemweya kwega 1 degree Celsius inokura mumatambo emagetsi.
Shorter winters zvinoreva kuti zvipembenene zvine hutachiona zvine chirwere chakaderera chokufa. Somugumisiro, nzvimbo dzave dzisina kudzivirirwa nehutachiona hweWest Nile, marariya, uye kunyange denda rebhuonic riri kuona kuparara.
Nguva yekukura kwenguva refu haisi yakanaka nguva dzose kunezvirimwa. Matsime okutanga anowanzosangana nemwaka wechando. Iyo inouraya buds uye inoparadza zvibereko zvemuti wegore. Kunyange zvazvo kutonhora kuchidziya kwemazuva mazhinji, mazuva ekushanda haashanduki. Izvo zviyero zvinonyanya kukosha kumiti inokura kupfuura iyo inotonhora. Miti yakawanda inoda nguva yakareba yechando kuzorora nekudzorera simba ravo. Vanoda kuporesa kutonhora kutonhora kutarisa kuti vapinde mu dormancy. Pasina izvozvo, ivo vanoratidzirwa kutonhora kutonhorera pavanosvika.
Dzimwe njodzi dzinowanzoitika uye dzakasimbisa njodzi dzinokonzera zvirwere zvakawanda zvinotapukira. World Health Organization yakaratidza huwandu huwandu hweshepatitis C, SARS, uye hantavirus. Vakatambura vakasangana nemvura yakasvibiswa kubva kune mafashamo emashambaji emvura panguva yemafashamo.
Masango muUnited States ave achitambura kwemakore. Ichando chando chinoreva kuti zvipembenene zvakawanda, zvakadai sepine bark beetle, hazvisi kufa munguva yechando. Somugumisiro, vari kuuraya mamiriyoni emiti. IAmerican Forest Service inofungidzira kuti miti 100 000 yebhaketari inoputika inowira zuva nezuva. Iyi nhamba yekukuvadza haina kumbobvira yaonekwa muUnited States yakanyorwa nhoroondo.
Kupisa kwemafuridziro kwakapinza kuwedzerwa mumagetsi. Miti yakafa yakawedzera kuwanda kwemoto uyu. Inoparadza matanda uye inotyisa kuvanhu, pfuma, nemhuka dzesango.
Kupisa kwepasi pose kwakawedzera nzvimbo dzakaoma dzekumadokero kweMapani kunzvimbo makiromita 140 kumabvazuva. I "100th meridian" inomhanya kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba kuburikidza neTexas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, uye Dakotas. Inoparadzanisa mhepo ine mvura inobva Kumadokero yakaoma. Iko zvino pane 98th meridian. Somugumisiro, varimi vaiwanzogadzira chibage vachafanira kushandura kune hardier gorosi.
Drought in the Midwest inouraya mbeu dzezviyo, kuwedzera mutengo wemombe. ICalifornia mvura yakasviba yakawedzera mafungu uye yakawedzera mari yezvitsva nemichero.
Kupisa kwekudziya kwezuva kunotonhora Arctic permafrost. Inowedzera kaviri inodhaka ye mercury sezvimwe zvose zvevhu, mhepo, uye marungwa pamwe chete. Sezvo zvinopisa zvinokonzera, zvinosunungura mazana emakore emagetsi echando akaoma. Zvinogona kukonzera ketheni yekuita kwekuwedzera kupisa uye kunyorera izvo zvisingagoni kudzivirirwa.
IActic inotonhora inowedzera kuwanda kwezvimedu zvinoputika muNortheast United States neEurope. Apo Arctic inoparadza kamwe kamwe, inoparadzanisa polar vortex. Ndiyo nzvimbo yemhepo inotonhora inotenderera Arctic iri kumusoro. Apo inoparadzana, iyo inotonhorera yeArctic air inoenda kuNew England neEurope. Kuchenesa maruva ekudziya kwegungwa, uye kunokonzerwa nekudziya kwepasi, kunowedzera unyoro kumhepo. Chigumisiro ndechekudutu kwebhobho inodonha huwandu hwakawanda hwechando.
Sezvo mvura yegungwa ichidziya, inotora oxygen shoma. Nehove dzinodzivirira dzimwe nzvimbo dzegungwa nokuti dziri kuputika. Aya "nzvimbo dzakafa" akawedzerwa nemamiriyoni mana emakiromita makiromita kubvira kuma1950. Somugumisiro, marudzi mazhinji anozivikanwa ehove anoramba ari pedyo nemhepo yakakosha-okisijeni.
Kushamwaridzana uye kukwira makungwa kunogona kuchinja North North Atlantic iri kure neEurope. Vakawanda veEurope vari kuchamhembe kwehurumende yeMaine. Pasina mvura inodziya yezvino, Europe ichava sechando seNewfoundland.
Hezvino Chakaitika Chii Chakupedzisira Nyika Yakatsvaira Nokukurumidza
Kupisa kwepasi pose kuri kuitika nokukurumidza kudarika pane imwe nguva pane imwe yenyika. Kuenzanisa kwepedyo ndiko Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum. Yakanga iri nguva pakati pomugumo we dinosaurs uye kukura kwezvipfuwo. Makore anopfuura 5 000, pakati pe 4 triliyoni kusvika ku7 triloni matani emakerubhi akabudiswa. Vanhu vari kusunungura maitiro akafanana ekabhoni kupfuura mazana, kwete zviuru, zvemakore.
Sezvo nyika ichidziya, yakakonzera kushandiswa kweketani. Yakabudisa matanda emvura yakasimba yakavigwa seafloor sediments. Zvisikwa zvinotyisa zvakabudiswa zvakawanda carbon dioxide. Yakawedzera kutonhora kwepasi pose nekudarika 41 degrees Fahrenheit. Mhuka dzakakura dzakapera, uye zviduku zvakasimwa. Bhiza rakashandurwa rikava shanduro duku yeyo pachayo. Yakabva kubva pakukura kwemba imbwa kuenda kamba duku kamba. Zvinotora makore anopfuura 150 000 kuti kabhoni dioxide iwedzere kusvika kune dzimwe nharaunda.
Kuwedzera kweEntricric Cost Billion
Vanopfuura hafu yeAmerica vanodavira kuti kupisa kwenyika kunowedzera hukuru uye nguva zhinji dzemhepo ine mhepo uye zvimwe zviitiko zvekunze zvakanyanya. Izvo zvinodarika makumi mana nezana makumi mana vakataura saizvozvo makore gumi akapfuura.
Heino nhoroondo yekukuvadzwa kwemhepo ine simba kumunyika . Muna 2005, dutu guru Katrina rakagadzira $ 108 biliyoni kusvika ku $ 250 biliyoni mukukuvara. Izvo zvakaita kuti GDP iende kubva ku3,8 muzana muna Q3 kusvika ku33 muzana muna Q4 2005. Muna 2008, dutu guru re Gustav neHurricane Ike rakarova United States. Kunyange zvazvo vasina kukonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya, vanotsigira maitiro ezvakawanda uye zvinopisa zvikuru zvinokonzerwa nekupisa kwepasi.
Muna 2012, Hurricane Sandy yakazara muNew York City pamakore mazana mashanu emafashamo. Izvo zvinodhura madhora makumi manomwe emadhora mabhiriyoni. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti inshuwarisi yemvura inogona kuwedzera ne $ 2,000 pamunhu mumwe pagore.
Masayendisiti anofanotaura kuti mhirizhonga yakafanana neSandy ichaitika yese makore makumi mashanu nemashanu. Pakazosvika 2030, vachabata New York makore ose mashanu. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nokuti kukwira kwegungwa kunokonzera dutu remvura yakaipisisa. Somugumisiro, gwagwa reNew York rutsigiro rinogona kugara richifashamo.
Muna 2017, Hurricane Harvey yakakanda masentimita 51 emvura kuTexas mumazuva mana. Yakamanikidza vanhu makumi matatu kubva mumisha yavo muHouston. Nyanzvi dzinofanotaura kuti kuparadzwa kwacho kuchava madhora $ 150 mabhiriyoni. Zvadaro Hurricane Irma yakaparadza Florida, yakagadzira $ 100 bhiriyoni mukukuvara.
Climatologists vanobvumirana kuti kupisa kwepasi pose kunoita kuti mhirizhonga iite seHarvey yakaipisisa. Chokutanga, inomutsa kutonhora. Mhepo inopisa inobata unyoro huzhinji, saka mvura shoma inowira panguva yemafutu. Pane kudaro, inodonha mabhakiti panguva yemhepo ine simba. Mumakore makumi mashanu apfuura, kuwanda kwemvura yakaderera mumatunhu makuru kwazvo emadutu kwakawedzera muUnited States. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaona kuwedzera kwe 71 muzana mumvura yakanyanyisa kubva kune dutu guru.
Chechipiri, kutonhora kwepasi pose kunopisa kunonyorera kupfuura polar ice uye glaciers. Izvozvo zvakasimudza gungwa hukakomba neHouston nemasendimita matanhatu pamusoro pemakore makumi maviri akapfuura.
Chechitatu, kupisa kwepasi kwakagadzirisa mamiriro ekunze munzvimbo. Izvozvo zvakabvumira Harvey kuti aende pamusoro peHouston pane kudzokera zvakare kuenda kumhenderekedzo yegungwa. Kuchinja kwezvinhu zvitatu kwakabvumira Harvey kudonha tsoka dzemvura panzvimbo yemasendimita.
Kutsigira Kwakaitika Munyika Yose kwakabatsira sei mukukunda kweTump
Imwe nyaya iri muDer Speigel , pepanhau reGermany, yakacherechedza kuti kupisa kwepasi kunogona kuita sei sarudzo dzeU.S. Muna 2007, Nobel Komiti yakapa Al Gore Mubayiro Wekutsvaga kutumira chiratidzo kuvarimi veUnited States. Yakanga iri nyevero kuUnited States kuti urarame mune zvayo.
Asi icho Gore chinove nekuve nemigumisiro yakasimba kwazvo munharaunda kunze kwezvematongerwe enyika, uye achipinda mukati mekusachengeteka kwepakati peAmerican class. Nzira yaro yehupenyu - uye iyi ndiyo mharidzo chaiye yakasarudzwa nesarudzo yeKomiti yeNobel - haisisiri yakasimba.
Pepanhau rakagara rataura kuti paizova nevamwe vatsva vebato rekutsva semugumisiro. Pakutanga, zvaiita sechishanda. Muna 2007, Dhipatimendi reMagetsi yakaita mari ye $ 1 bhiriyoni kuti ishandise indasitiri ye biofuels kuderedza gasi rinopisa. Anopfuura mazana zana ebiofuel factory yakabudisa 6.4 mabhiriyoni emakironi ethanol anoshandisa mamiriyoni gumi nematanhatu ekere yemakona. Ichi chaiva makumi maviri kubva muzana zvezviyo zvese zvekuAmerica, izvo zvakatengesa zvigadzirwa zvegorosi kune rekodhi re $ 4 nebhayeri. Sezvo zvizhinji zvekugadzirwa kwezviyo zvinoshandiswa kufudza zvipfuwo, izvi zvakaita kuti mitengo yezvokudya iwedzere mazana mana. (Chinyorwa: "Biomass 2008: Kufuridzira Ramangwana Redu," Dhipatimendi reMagetsi, Mbudzi 2008. "Mutengo weBoofuels," MIT Technology Review, January / February 2008.)
Asi makore gumi gare gare, America "yakasvibiswa pakati peboka" yakapandukira "Gore ichocho." Muna 2016, yakasarudza Donald Trump kumutungamiri wenyika.
Musi waJune 1, 2017, Trump yakazivisa kuti United States yaizobva kuParis Climate Accord. Bhengi rake ra2018 rakaderedza mari yekutsvaga kutsvaga kwehutano. Yakagadzirisa bhajeti re Environmental Protection Agency ne 31%. Akarayira mutungamiri weEPA kuti adzorere mitemo pamusoro pemisipiresi yemhepo.
Trump nedzimwe Republican vanodavira miitiro inoshandiswa ichadzivirira hupfumi hwehupfumi. Asi kunyange neNewt Gingrich akachengeteka haana kubvumirana mubhuku rake A Contract with the Earth. Akakakavadzana kuti kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kubudirira kwehupfumi hazvirevi zvakasiyana. Akati, "kana tsika yezvakatipoteredza inoderedza zvakakwana, hupfumi hahukwanisi kushanda zvachose."
Zvaunogona Kuita
Vazhinji (71 kubva muzana) veAmerica vanodavira kuti kupisa kwepasi kuri kwechokwadi . Zvinenge zviviri kubva kune zvitatu (64 muzana) vanotenda kuti zvinokonzera kuUnited States. Inenge hafu (45 muzana) inotenda kuti inopinza dambudziko guru muupenyu hwavo. Vanopfuura rimwe chete pavashanu vanonetseka zvikuru nekupisa kwepasi. Makumi makumi mana nevana kubva kuAmerica vanodavira kupisa kwepasi kunokonzerwa nevanhu. Chetatu chetatu vanotenda kuti chinobva kune zvakasikwa.
Kana iwe uchida kutsigira miitiro yekuderedza kupisa kwenyika, pane mamwe matanho ari nyore iwe unogona kutora. Dzvanya moto wako wekudziya nekugara muimba duku uye uone kuti yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka. Tenga SimbaStar pamba yemidziyo. Idya nyama shoma. Tenga mamwe mazano emunharaunda kuti udzike pakudonhedzwa kubva kunotakura. Bvisa magetsi uye unplug midziyo kana isiri kushandiswa.
Nzira iyo iwe unotyaira nekuchengetedza motokari yako inogona kuwedzera zvikuru mileage. Chengetai matairi akafuridzirwa, shandura air filter, fambisa zvishoma nezvishoma mushure mekumisa, uye famba pasi pemakiromita makumi matanhatu paawa. Izvozvo zvingaderedza kusunungurwa kwako kwemafuro emagetsi. Kuti uwane mamwe mazano makuru, ona "Mean Machine," The Economist, April 9, 2007. (Chinyorwa: Intergo Governmental Panel pamusoro peKushanduka Kwemamiriro Ehupenyu , 2014.)