Kubvira Rajasthan kuenda ku Waterbury: makore 2000 emhangura
Mhangura - zinc alloys yakagadzirwa sekutanga kwemakumi mashanu emakore BC muChina uye yakashandiswa zvikuru kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba Asia nezana remakore rechipiri nerechitatu BC. Izvi zvigadzirwa, zvisinei, zvingava zvakanakisisa zvichitumidzwa se 'mashizha echisikigo,' sezvo pasina uchapupu hwokuti vashandi vavo vanoziva vakashandisa mhangura uye zinc. Pane kudaro, zvingangove kuti zvinyorwa izvi zvakasvibiswa neZinc-rich rich copper, zvichibudisa mhangura isina kuchena-semasimbi.
Zvinyorwa zvechiGiriki uye zveRoma zvinoratidza kuti kugadzirwa kwemauto emagariro akafanana nesimbi yemazuva ano, achishandisa mhangura uye zinc oxide-rich ore inozivikanwa sejasine, yakatanga kumativi ezana remakore rekutanga BC.
Calamine ndarira yakabudiswa uchishandisa ganda, iyo yakagadzirwa nemhangura mu crucible pamwe nevhu pasi smithsonite (kana calamine) ore. Pachando chakanaka, zinc inowanikwa mumvura yakadaro inopisa uye inowedzera mhangura, zvichidaro inobereka ndarira yakachena ine pakati pe15 ne30 muzana zinc inogadzirwa.
Pasina nguva mushure mokunge vaRoma vaona kuti vangagadzira sei ndarira, iyo yirasi yakatanga kushandiswa mune mari munzvimbo dzeTurkey yanhasi. Mari yemhangura yakakurumidza kupararira muHurumende yeRoma, uye kune uchapupu hwekuti calamine brass yekushandiswa yakatamira kumadokero eEuro pasi pehurumende yeRoma.
Mushure mekuwa kweMambo hweRoma, nzvimbo yekugadzirwa kwemunharaunda yakaenderera mberi iri muEurope, asi kwete kusvika kune imwechete.
Kuburitsa kwebhurosi pamusangano weIndia huri kutenderera zvakare kune zana remakore rokutanga BC, uye pano panoitwa kuti 'speltering' yendarira inotanga kuve yakatanga. Sezvo zvichipesana nekumiswa kwemakemikari akabudisa calamine ndarira, kuparadzanisa inzira inoshandiswa zvakananga masimbi machena nemhangura.
Speltering akabvumira vashandi vemhangura kuti vave nehukuru hwekutonga pamusoro pezvincidhi zvehuni uye, naizvozvo, zvivako zvendarira yendarira inobudiswa. Izvi, zvisinei, zvaive zvichienderana nekuwanika kwezincensi yesimbi, iyo yaiwanika muAsia mazana emakore isati yaonekwa muEurope.
Nekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi emicheni yesimbi yakaitika pedyo neZawar, Rajasthan nezana remakore rechi14, inofungidzirwa kuti yekutanga spelter ndarira yakabudiswa pano munguva ino.
Kusvika iye zvino, uchapupu hwekutanga huripo hwechigadzirwa chendarira chakanyungudutswa ndeye astrolabe yakaitwa muLahore kusvika 1600.
Kudzoka kuEurope, kusati kwasvika kusvika kwesirivha negoridhe kubva kuNyika Itsva, ndarira yakashandiswa sesimbi inokosha inoshongedza zvivako zvechechi nemakuva.
Kuwedzera kwekutsvaga kwakaita kuti kuwedzera kubudiswa muGermany neBelgium munguva yezana remakore rechi15 ne16, uye muna 1559 taundi reAachen muGermany rakaratidza kuti rakakwanisa kubudisa zvinopfuura 13,000 matani ematare emhangura pagore. Zvichakadaro, zvinyorwa zvinobva panguva imwechete zvinoratidza kuti yakawanda yendarira yakatumirwa kuWest Africa, ichiratidza kukurudzirwa kwekuda kwenyika kune ndarira.
Kunyange zvazvo zinc ingots kubva kuChina neIndia dzaitumirwa kuEurope kutanga kwekutanga kwezana remakore rechi16, hakuna humwe uchapupu hwokuti metallurgist dzakanga dzakaita kubatana pakati pezinc mu calamine ore uye zinc metal panguva iyoyo.
Pakanga pane zvakawanda zvaiedza kukura michina yemhangura kuUk kubva pakugadzirwa kwayo kwekutanga kune Tintern Abbey wireworks muna 1568 kusvikira kubviswa kweMines Royal Company muna 1689. Asi hazvina kuitika kusvikira mushure mekuvandudzwa kwehutauro hweChirungu yakagadzirwa kare Muzana remakore rechi18 apo kushandiswa kwemhangura kwakatanga kubudirira munzvimbo dzakapoteredza Bristol, Swansea, uye Birmingham.
Muna 1738 William Champion akavhengetedza nzira yekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi zincidhi, iyo yakagadzirwa nehuwandu, asi haina kusvika muna 1781 apo patent yepeltering brass yakapiwa kuna James Emerson. Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri pakutanga zvakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya, kunyanya zvichibva pamutengo wekugadzirwa, pamusoro pemakore makumi manomwe anotevera aparadzanisa zvishoma nezvishoma sementation yakasimbiswa seyiyo nzira yekugadzirwa kweendarira alloys.
Pamberi pekushandura kwemabhizimisi, pakanga pasina zvinyorwa zvishoma zvakakodzera zvakakosha kuti zvendarira.
Imwe yekushandiswa kwakadaro, asi zvakadaro, mupini dzemakambani emvere. Bhandi rekuchera mhangura muEsher, Surrey, England iyo yakasvika muna 1697, yakakosha mukugadzira pini dzakadaro.
Kubudisa bhandi muAmerica kwakatanga mushure mekusununguka uye kwakatungamirirwa nechishuvo chendarira zvishongo zvejunifomu rechiuto. Munguva yemakore ekuma1800, Waterbury, Connecticut yakagadzira mhizha yakakura-yakabatana, inobudisa maawa, mabhota, uye mwenje.
Brass yaive yakasiyana nemasvingo yaizoita kuti iko kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvekushandisa, zvakadai seawa, maziso, chronometers uye nzira dzekufamba.
Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi19, zvitsva zvitsva uye zvisingabhadharwi zvealloy, zvakafanana nemazuva ano kusununguka kwehwesimbi, zvakagadziridzwa uye zvakawanikwa kushandiswa sekuisa pamakona emakungwa ematanda. The Cutty Sark, anonzi mai clipper anozivikanwa akatakura zvinhu pakati peEngland neAustralia mukati mehafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, akafuridzirwa mumunz metal, 60/40 shayeri yerimbi yakagadzirwa nemutemo muna 1832.
Imwe shandiswa yakakura yehta yakauya nekugadzirwa kwemapuraneti emagetsi emakadhiji muFrance munenge muna 1846.
Urosi hwekukwanisa kuiswa mukati mutsvuku, kusagadzikana-kusagadzikana, kusina magneti uye kuderera kwemashizha kwakaita kuti zvive zvakanaka kune cartridge shells. The .44 Henry na .56-56 Spencer, vakashandiswa mumapfupa panguva yeAmerica Civil War, zvose zvakaitwa nendarira.
Sources:
Kharakwal, JS naLK Gurjar. "Zinc neBrass mune Maonero Okuchera Matongo." Inyika yekare yeAsia Journal yeSosaiti yeSouth Asia Archeology . URL: http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/article/view/aa.06112/23
Pollard, Mark naCarl Heron. Archaeological Chemistry . RSC Publishing (1996).
Callcut, Vin. Nhoroondo Yepfupi Yekare yeBrass . Copper Development Association Inc. www.copper.org
URL: http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2000/01-brasses/history_brass.html
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