Properties
- Atomic Symbol: Mo
- Atomic Number: 42
- Element Category: Transition metal
- Kuwanda kwevanhu: 10.28 g / cm3
- Melting Point: 4753 ° F (2623 ° C)
- Nhamba yeAuira: 8382 ° F (4639 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 5.5
Mamiriro
Kungofanana nedzimwe simbi dzisingatsvaki , molybdenum ine huwandu hwehupamhi uye hunyunguduka uye hunopesana nekupisa uye kupfeka.
Pamusoro pe 2,623 ° C (4,753 ° F), molybdenum ine imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanyisa kunyauka dzezvinhu zvose zvesimbi, nepo chiyero chake chekuwedzera kupisa chimwe chezvinhu zvakaderera pane zvigadzirwa zveunyanzvi. Moly inewo yakaderera.
Musimbi , molybdenum inoderedza brittleness uye inowedzera simba, kusagadzika , weldability uye kurwisana nekumira.
Nhoroondo
Mutoro weMolybdenum pakutanga wakanga uri oga mu laboratori naPeter Jacob Hjelm muna 1782. Wakaramba uri murabhakato kwemazana emakore anotevera kusvikira kuwedzerwa kwakawedzerwa nemagetsi esimbi yakaratidza moly's alloy kusimbisa nzvimbo.
Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi20, plani yezvombo zvekugadzira mashizha aiisa tungsten ne molybdenum. Asi chikumbiro chikuru chekunyungudutsa chakanga chakafanana nekuwedzera mune tungsten filaments ye incandescent light bulbs, iyo yakanga ichikura mukushandiswa panguva imwecheteyo.
Zvinhu zvakanatswa zve tungsten munguva yeHondo Yenyika I zvakatungamirira kukura muzvinodhaka zvemolybdenum yezvivigiro.
Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekutsvaga kwezvinhu zvitsva uye kuwanikwa kwakaguma kweChirangaridzo chiripo muColorado muna 1918.
Mushure mokurwa kwehondo, mauto ehondo akatadza asi kusvika kweimwe mishonga-magetsi - kuwedzera kwekuda kwemasimba ane simba ane molybdenum. Pakupera kwema1930, moly yakave yakagamuchirwa semhando yekugadzira, metallurgical material.
Kukosha kwema molybdenum kumakambani emabhizimisi kwakakonzera kuonekwa kwayo semari yekutsvaga kwekutsvaga muzana remakore rechi21, uye muna 2010 London Metal Exchange (LME) yakatanga matanho ayo okutanga e-molybdenum.
Kugadzirwa
Molybdenum inowanzobudiswa se-kana-co-chigadzirwa chemhangura , asi maminho mashomanana anogadzira nyuchi sechigadzirwa chikuru.
Chirongwa chikuru che molybdenum chinobudiswa chete kubva ku molybdenite, sulfide ore, iyo ine molybdenum mukati me 0.01 uye 0.25%.
Dhina reMolybdenum rinobudiswa kubva ku molybdic oxide kana ammonium molybdate kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kwehydrogen. Asi, kuitira kuti abvise zvishandiso izvi kubva mumarybdenite ore, inofanira kutanga inopwanyika uye inotenderedzwa kuti iparadzanise copper sulfide kubva mu molybdenite.
Izvo zvinokonzerwa ne-molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) zvino yakagochwa pakati pe500-600 C ° (932-1112 F °) kuti ibudise zvakakanganiswa zvine molybdenite (MoO3, inonziwo technic molybdenum concentrate). Inokonzerwa ne-molybdenum inogadzirisa inosvika 57% ye molybdenum (uye inopfuura 0.1% sulfuri).
Kuisa pasi pekuisa pfungwa kunotungamirira ku molybdic oxide (MoO3), iyo, kuburikidza nehutanho huviri-hutachidiro hwekuderedza, inogadzira simbi ye molybdenum.
Muchitsauko chekutanga, MoO3 yakaderedzwa kuva molybdenum dioxide (MoO2). Molybdenum dioxide inoshandiswa kuburikidza nehydrojeni inoyerera tipe kana zvivako zvinotenderera pa1000-1100 C ° (1832-2012 F °) kuti ibudise simbi yesimbi.
Molybdenum inogadzirwa sechinhu-chigadzirwa chemhangura kubva mumhangura porphyry deposits, sezvinoitwa Bingham Canyon mu Utah, inobviswa se molybdenum disulfate panguva yekufambisa kwepfuri yendarira ore. Iyo inongororwa yakakangwa kuti iite molybdic oxide, iyo inogona kuiswa kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kumwechete kwechimiririro kuti kuve nemagetsi e molybdenum.
Maererano neUnited States, nhamba yepasi rose yakawanda inenge 221 000 tonnes muna 2009. Nyika dzakawanda dzinobereka iri China (93,000MT), US (47 800MT), Chile (34 900MT) uye Peru (12 300MT). Vavaki vese vanonzi molybdenum ndivo Molymet (Chile), Freeport McMoran, Codelco, Southern Copper uye Jinduicheng Molybdenum Group.
Applications
Inopfuura hafu yezvose molybdenum inogadzirwa inoguma sechirwere chekushandira muzvivako zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvisingasviki .
I International Molybdenum Association inofungidzira kuti zvivako zvekugadzirisa zvinokwana 35% yezvose zvinoda mari. Molybdenum inoshandiswa sechinhu chinowedzera muzvigadziri zvemasimba nekuda kwekudzivirira kwaro, simba, nekusimba. Kuva kunyanya kubatsira mukuchengetedza simbi kunopikisa chloridic corrosion, mahofisi akadaro anoshandiswa mumhando dzakawanda dzezvinyorwa zvekudzivirira kwemvura (semafuta emafuta emakungwa ega), pamwe nemafuta nemafuta emagetsi.
Nhamba dzemafuta dzisina kushandiswa kune imwe 25% yezvinodhaka zvinonzi molybdenum, izvo zvinokoshesa simba resimbi kusimbisa nekudzivirira kukora. Pakati pezvimwe zvizhinji zvinoshandiswa, mashizha asina kushandiswa anoshandiswa mumishonga yemishonga, makemikari uye mapurisa uye mapepa emapepa, matori emagetsi, matangi emvura uye dealination zvinomera.
Mahombekiti epamusoro-mashizha uye mashizha makuru anoshandisa moly kusimbisa, kuwedzera kuoma uye kushorwa kupfeka uye kushanduka pamatambo akadzika. Mahombekiti anowanzoshandiswa pakugadzira zvigadzirwa zvekufambisa nekucheka, asi zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwejet engines, turbojaja, simba rekugadzira turbines uye mumakemikari uye petroleum mbeu.
Chikamu chiduku che moly chinoshandiswa kuwedzera simba, kuoma, kutsetse nekushongedzwa kwezvinokonzerwa nesimbi yakakonzerwa nemashamba, ayo anoshandiswa mumotokari dzemotokari (kunyanya kushandisa mabhururi emotokari, motokari, uye kupedza mavara mazhinji). Izvi zvinobvumira injini kuti dzishandise kupisa uye, nokudaro, kuderedza kubudisa.
High purity molybdenum metal inoshandiswa mumhando yezvishandiso kubva kuupfu hwekuvhara kusvika masero ezuva uye mapapiro mapapiro ekuratidzira kupfeka.
Inenge 10-15% ye molybdenum yakabudiswa haina kuguma-mumiti yemidziyo asi inoshandiswa mumakemikari, kazhinji mune zvigadziriswa zvekugadzira zvinhu zvepetroleum.
Sources
The International Molybdenum Association.
USGS. Mineral Commodity Summaries: Molybdenum (2011).
Minor Metal Trade Association. Molybdenum (2011).