Ndezvipi zvakasiyana-siyana zvesimbi?
Muchidimbu, simbi inoumbwa nesimbi uye kabhoni, kunyange zvazvo iyo yakawanda yekhabhoni, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwezvisina kuchena uye zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa zvinogadzirisa nzvimbo yega yega yega yesimbi.
Iko kabhoni yakagadzirwa musimbi inogona kubva kubva pa1-1 kusvika ku5%, asi iyo yakawanda kwazvo inoshandiswa mashizha inenge ine 0.1-0.25% carbon.
Zvinhu zvakadai semanganese , phosphorus, uye sulfuri zvinowanika mumatunhu ose ematunhu, asi, apo manganese inobatsira, phosphorus uye sulfuri zvinoshayisa simba resimbi nekusimba.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi dzinobudiswa maererano nezvinodiwa zvekushandiswa kwavo, uye zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzirisa zvinoshandiswa kusiyanisa zvivako zvinobva pane izvi. Maererano neAmerican Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), simbi inogona kuiswa zvakakwana mumapoka mana zvichienderana nemakemikari avo:
- Carbon Steels
- Alloy Steels
- Stainless Steels
- Tool Steels
Carbon Steels
Carbon steels rine tsananguro yakawanda yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye nhoroondo ye 90% yehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwesimbi. Mafuta emakonhoni anogona kugoverwazve mumapoka matatu zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemagetsi:
- Low Carbon Steels / Zvigunwe Zviduku zvinokwana 0.3% carbon
- Pakati peCarbon Steels ane 0,3 - 0.6% carbon
- High Carbon Steels ine zvinopfuura 0,6% carbon
Alloy Steels
Mazai emagetsi ane zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa (kureva manganese, silicon, nickel , titanium , mhangura , chromium , uye aluminium ) zvakasiyana-siyana kuitira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvesimbi, zvakadai sokuoma kwayo, kurwisa kwechirosi, simba , kuumbwa, weldability kana ductility.
Zvikumbiro zvealloys steel zvinosanganisira mapaipi, zvikamu zvemotokari, transformers, generator magetsi nemagetsi emagetsi.
Stainless Steels
Stainless steels kazhinji inowanikwa pakati pe10-20% yekromium seyiyo huru yekugadzirisa zvinhu uye inokosha nokuda kwekusimudzirwa kwegorosi. Ne-11% yeganda chromium, simbi inenge inenge mazana maviri inogadziriswa nehurosi kupfuura yevhu. Aya mazvivheti anogona kugoverwa mumapoka matatu zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwekristalline:
- Austenitic : Austenitic steels haisi maginiti uye haisi kupisa-kupisa, uye kazhinji ine 18% chromium, 8% nickel uye pasi pe 0,8% carbon. Austenitic steels ndiyo inoumba chikamu chakakura chepasi rose chemasikisi esimbi isina kushandiswa uye inowanzoshandiswa mumishonga yekugadzira zvokudya, midziyo yekicheni, uye kupinza.
- Ferritic : Ferritic steels dzine tsananguro yakawanda yerickel, 12-17% chromium, isingapfuuri 0.1% carbon, pamwe chete nedzimwe nhengo dzealloying, zvakadai se molybdenum , aluminium kana titanium. Aya magnetic steels haakwanisi kuomesa nekupisa kupisa asi anogona kusimbiswa nekushanda kushanda .
- Martensitic : Maartensitic mabhasi ane 11-17% chromium, pasi pe 0,4% nickel, uye kusvika ku 1.2% carbon. Aya magnetic uye anopisa-anoporesa anoshandiswa mumapanga, zvigadzirwa zvokucheka, uyewo mazino uye chirongwa chokugadzira.
Tool Steels
Nzvimbo dzekushandisa dzine tungsten , molybdenum, cobalt uye vanadium zvakasiyana-siyana kuwedzera kupisa kwekupisa nekugara kwenguva refu, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakucheka nekugadzira zvigadzirwa.
Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvinokwanisawo kugoverwa nemaitiro avo uye zviyero zvine chokuita:
- Mhembera / Tubular Mishonga inosanganisira mabhasi nematanda, rairi, waya, mazenga, mabomba, uye maumbirwo uye zvikamu. Izvi zvinowanzoshandiswa mumotokari nemagadziro ekuvaka.
- Flat Products zvinosanganisira mahwendefa, mapepa, mapepi, uye zvipfeko. Zvinhu izvi zvinonyanya kushandiswa muzvikamu zvemotokari, midziyo, kugovera, kuvaka, kuvaka.
- Zvimwe Mishonga zvinosanganisira zvivharo, zvinyorwa, uye flanges uye zvinonyanya kushandiswa sekushandisa piping.
Sources
- World Steel Association. Website: www.worldsteel.org
- Mugwagwa, Arthur & Alexander, WO 1944. Metare muBasa reMunhu . 11th Edition (1998).
- Efunda.com. Zvimwe Zvivako zveStorels . Website: www.efunda.com
- IAmerican Iron & Steel Institute. www.steel.org