Mipura yepamusoro inobudisa inenge makumi mana kubva muzana yemhangura yenyika
Nzvimbo 20 yemhangura yakakura yenyika inogadzira mamiriyoni gumi nemamiriyoni emataundi ematare anokosha gore, inenge makumi mana kubva muzana emhangura yenyika yose inokwanisa. Chili nePeru, ivo voga, inotora chikamu chehafu yemigodhi yemhangura pane urongwa, asi US inogadzirisa, uye ine minda mbiri pakati pepamusoro 20.
Mhangura inodhura kune yangu uye kunatsa. Izvo zvikwereti zvakanyanya zvekubhadhara mari yakawanda inoratidzirwa mukuti humwe humwe hwemigodhi gumi yepamusoro inobatanidzwa nemakambani makuru emigodhi. Pasinei nemari yakakura yekugadzirwa, migodhi yemhangura ichiri kuenzanisira makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana yehuwandu hwekunakidzwa kwemhangura gore negore. Izvo makumi maviri kubva muzana kubva muzana inouya kubva kune zvinyorwa zvekare zvinoshandiswa zvakare.
Nyora iri pasi apa inogadzirwa kubva ku International Copper Study Group's World Copper Factbook 2017 . Kunze kwezita rimwe nerimwe remugove ndiyo nyika iyo inowanikwa uye inogadzirwa yaro gore negore mu kilotons. Mamiriyoni tani yakaenzana ne2 200 pounds. Chiroton kiloton (kt) inosvika 1 000 metric toni.
01 Escondida - Chile (1.27 Kt)
IExcondida yemhangura yemugove muChile yaAcacama murenje inobatanidzwa neBHP Billiton (57.5 muzana), Rio Tinto Corp (30 muzana), uye Japan Escondida (12.5 muzana). Iko huru ye Escondida minondo ye 5% yehuwandu hwepasi rose hwekugadzirwa kwemhangura yemugove. Ndarama nesirivha zvinobudiswa sezvi-zvinotengeswa kubva munyama.
02 Grasberg - Indonesia (750 Kt)
Mvura yeGrasberg, iri kumakomo eIndonesia yePapua, inyika yakawanda yemigodhi yegoridhe uye yechipiri-yakakura mumhangura yemhangura. Inoshandiswa neP PT Freeport Indonesia Co, mamiriyumu isangano rakabatana pakati pe Freeport McMoRan (90.64 muzana) uye hurumende yeIndonesia (9.36 muzana).
03 Morenci - USA (520 Kt)
The mine Morenci muArizona ndiyo yakawanda yemhangura yemhangura muNorth America. Inoshandiswa neFreeport McMoRan, mamiriyoni aya anowirirana nekambani (85 muzana) uye Sumitomo Affiliates (15 muzana). Morenci yakavhurwa nokuda kwekushanda muna 1872 uye zvino yakaumbwa nematanda matatu emigodhi.
04 Buenavista del Cobre (510 Kt)
Buenavista, inozivikanwawo seCananea mhangura yemugove, iri muSonora, Mexico, ndiyo mhepo yechipiri yakawanda yemhangura yemhangura pakachengetedzwa. Mugove wangu wakazaruka une mamiriyoni makumi maviri nematanhatu ematare emhangura.
Yakasunungurwa muna 1899, Cananea imwe yezvitsuwa zvekare zvakasununguka muNorth America uye iye zvino inowanikwa uye inoshandiswa neSouth Copper Corporation (SCC), iyo inowirirana neGrupo Mexico.
05 Cerro Verde II - Peru (500 Kt)
Cerro Verde mhangura yangu, iri makiromita makumi maviri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwe Arequipa muPeru, ndiyo yechinomwe-yakakura mumhangura yemhangura munyika yose. Mugove wegomba rakazaruka unofungidzirwa mamiriyoni 12,9 mamiriyoni emhangura inogadziriswa.
Cerro Verde yakashanda kubva muna 1976. Freeport-McMoRan (FCX), inobata chikamu che 53,56 muzana, inofambisa minda. Zvimwe zvibatanidza zvinosanganisira SMM Cerro Verde Netherlands, chikamu cheSumitomo Metal (21 muzana), Compañia deMasas Buenaventura (19.58 muzana), uye vashandi vehurumende (5.86 muzana).
06 Collahuasi - Chile (454 Kt)
Chikamu chechipiri-chikuru chemhangura yemhangura, Collahuasi, inowanikwa ne consortium yeAnglo American (44 muzana), Glencore (44 muzana), uye Mitsui + Nippon (12 muzana). Collahuasi yangu inobereka mhangura yemhangura uye cathodes pamwe ne molybdenum . Zvizhinji zvekufungisisa zvakabudiswa paCollahuasi zvinotengeswa kune vanonhuwa muChina kuti vawedzere kunatswa.
07 Antamina - Peru (450 Kt)
The Antamina copper-zinc mine iri makiromita 170 kuchamhembe kweLima. Sirivha, bismuth , molybdenum, uye mutungamiri zvakare akaparadzaniswa kubva mumarara anobudiswa kuAntamina. Vose vane BHP Billiton (33.75 muzana), Teck (22.5 muzana), Glencore (33.75 muzana), uye Mitsubishi Corp (10 muzana), mamiriyoni aya akarambidzwa kugadzirwa muna 2019.
08 Las Bambas - Peru (450)
Las Bambas ine mineral reserves ye 7.2 mamiriyoni emataundi emhangura nemaminera emidziyo ye 12,6 mamiriyoni ematani. Vashandi vemayini vanofungidzira kuti mumakore anouya, zvinopfuura mamirioni maviri ematriconi ematare emhangura zvichabudiswa mukufungisisa.
Vashandi vangu vaifanira kutamisa matani mazana manomwe emadhora muna 2014 vasati vazotanga kushanda kwemigodhi. Vanofungidzira kuti basa reLas Bambas richagara kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri kubva pakugadziriswa kwaro kuwanda; 10 muzana chete yeimba iyo yave ichiongororwa kusvika ikozvino.
09 Polar Division (Norilsk / Talnakh Mills) - Russia (450 Kt)
Iyo mami inoshanda sechikamu chePolar Division yaMMC Norilsk Nickel . Iri muSiberia, haungadi kushanda pano kunze kwekuti iwe unofarira chaizvo kutonhora. Iko panjodzi yepasi pevhu inotanga kushandiswa yakatanga kushandiswa muma1930 uye inobva kune cobalt , ndarama, sirivha, uye platinum boka resimbi , pamwe nemhangura.
10 El Teniente - Chile (432 Kt)
Imwe mamiriyoni makuru pasi pedenga pasi, El Teniente, iri muAndes iri pakati peChile. Iyo yakagadzirwa uye inoshandiswa neChilean state mhangura yemugove Codelco, El Teniente yakave yakafuridzirwa kubva muzana remakore rechi19 uye ikozvino yava nemakiromita anopfuura 1 500 emakona.
11 Los Bronces - Chile (410 Kt)
Uyewo iri muChile, Los Bronces mine inobatanidzwa neAnglo American (75.5 muzana) uye Mitsubishi Corp (24.5 muzana). Sangano rekuwedzera kwe $ 2.5-bhiriyoni-rakapera muna 2012-rakawedzera huwandu hwemigodhi kusvika kune huwandu hwezvino hunopfuura 400 000 mamita matric pagore.
12 Los Pelambres - Chile (400 Kt)
Iri pedyo nepakati peChile's Coquimbo, muto weLos Pelambres inobatanidzwa pakati peAntofagasta Plc (60 muzana), Nippon Mining (25 muzana), uye Mitsubishi Materials (15 muzana). Nekavhareji yepamusoro ye 0,6 muzana yemhangura, mamiriyoni anobudisa mhangura uye molybdenum kunyanya paanopa goridhe uye zvikwereti zvesirivha.
13 Chuquicamata - Chile (350 Kt)
Codelco yeChile inoshandisa hurumende inofamba uye inoshanda neCodelco Norte (kana kuti Chuquicamata) mhangura yemhangura kuchamhembe kweChile. Mvura yangu yakakura yepasi rose, Chuquicamata yava kushanda kwemakore anopfuura zana achibudisa mhangura yakanatswa uye molybdenum.
14 Radomiro Tomic - Chile (330 Kt)
Radomiro Tomic mhangura yemhangura, iri muAtacama Desert yekuchamhembe kweChile, ndiyo yechisere-yakakura mumhangura yemhangura munyika yose. Mugove wegomba rakazaruka unofungidzirwa mamirioni gumi nemaviri emataundi emhangura akanaka.
Basa rekuvakira ra Radomiro Tomic Copper Sulphide Mine Phase Ndakapedziswa munaJune 2010 pamwe nekutsvaga kwe $ 370 mamiriyoni. Nzira yekushungurudza yakaiswa sechikamu chechikamu ichi, kukwira kusvika ku100 000 mamita ematric e sulfide ore pazuva kubva kumigodhi kusvika kumuganda we concentrator uri kuChuquicamata.
15 Sentinel - Zambia (300 Kt)
Kuvakwa kweTininel mhangura yakapedzwa muna 2014, uye mgozi wakatanga kubudisa mhangura pakutanga kwegore ra 2015. Shandinel's processing facility ine chinangwa chekutengesa mamiriyoni 55 emamiriyoni emadhora emwaka, kusanganisira anenge 50 muzana yendarira.
Ore inopwanyika mukati-gomba ndokuendeswa kune imwe nyika ndokupinda mune imwe nheyo inopwanyika iri mberi kwezvikepe zviviri zvekuchera, imwe neimwe inosanganisira SAG mill uye bhero rimwe chete. Chitima chimwe nechimwe chine mabhanki mashanu ekufambisa masero. Kugadzirisa kwekupedzisira pane imwe chikamu chemazana makumi maviri nemakumi mashanu emhangura yakasvibiswa uye yakasvibiswa munzvimbo yekufungisisa.
16 Bingham Canyon - USA (280 Kt)
Bingham Canyon Mine, iyo inowanzozivikanwa seKennecott Copper Mine, iyo ine gomba rakazaruka kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweS Salt Lake City. Bingham yakatambudzwa "yakakura kudarika mhirizhonga munhoroondo" muna 2012, maererano neMining.com, asi yakavakwazve mumwedzi gumi nemasere uye iri zvakare kubudisa makirogironi makumi maviri emakironi emhangura pagore. Mamiriyoni matanhatu ematope emarara aifanira kubudiswa kunze uye migwagwa mitsva yekuwana yakavakwa vasati vafambisa migodhi.
17 Kansanshi - Zambia (270 Kt)
Iyo yakawanda yemhangura yemhangura muAfrica, Kansanshi inowanikwa uye inoshandiswa neKansanshi Mining PLC, iyo inenge 80 muzana inowanikwa neSouth Quantum subsidiary. Izvo makumi maviri kubva muzana inenge inoshandiswa nechechipiri yeZCCM. Iko inowanikwa anenge makiromita matanhatu kuchamhembe kweguta reSolwezi uye makiromita 112 kusvika kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChitperbelt guta reCingola.
18 Toromocho - Peru (250 Kt)
Minera Chinalco Peru inoshanda muToromocho mine, iri muRuwa rweMorococha, Province reYauli, munharaunda yeJunin. Kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwenyika, vashandi vekambani vakawana mukana we 1,526 mamiriyoni emamita ematoro eine oreji yepamusoro yemhangura ye (0.48 muzana), yevheji yebraybdenum ye (0.02 muzana,) uye sirivha ye 6.88 gm neatani.
19 Olympic Dam - Australia (225 Kt)
Olympic Dam, inowanikwa neBHP, i uranium oxide, mhangura, ndarama, uye sirivha yangu. Anozivikanwa akawanda nokuda kwehuri yaro-iyo minda ine yakawanda yakanyanya kuzivikanwa imwe chete yeuranium munyika-Olympic Dam inogadzirawo yechina-yakakura mari yemari yemari. Mining giant BHP yakati pakati pemwaka wa2017 kuti inoronga kupedza anenge mamiriyoni 600 emadhora eAustralia ($ 462 mamiriyoni) kuti aise nheyo yekukura kwenguva refu.
20 Mutanda - Zimbabwe (220 Kt)
Mutanda weMutanda imomo yemhangura yemhangura mumapato eKatanga weDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Mukutanga kwegore ra2017, Glencore akatenga chikamu chemazana makumi matatu kubva muzana mu Mutanda Mine kwe $ 960 mamiriyoni. Muna 2015, Mutanda yakabudisa 216,100 mamita emhangura emhangura-chimiro chakakwira kusvika kumamiriyoni mazana maviri emakiromita muna 2016-uye 16,500 mamita matani e cobalt, kupfuura mamwe ose emigodhi muCongo. "Kuvhiya kunoonekwa kuti ndiyo imwe yeGlencore yekukura kwezvinhu uye basa rinokosha muRDC, zvikurukuru nekuda kwepamusoro-soro yepamusoro uye mari shoma yekuwedzera," maererano naMining.com.