Cobalt inopenya, ine brittle metal iyo inoshandiswa kubudisa yakasimba, yakagadzika uye inopisa kusisa, zvigadziko zvisingagumi nemidziyo yakaoma.
Properties
- Atomic Symbol: Co
- Atomic Number: 27
- Atomic Misa: 58.93g / mol
- Element Category: Transition metal
- Kuwedzera: 8.86g / cm 3 pa20 ° C
- Melting Point: 2723 ° F (1495 ° C)
- Dhaka rekubikira: 5301 ° F (2927 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 5
Mamiriro
Sirivha-tema cobalt metal yakatsvaira, ine nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yakakura uye inokosha nokuda kwekusagadzikana kwayo uye kukwanisa kuchengeta simba rayo pakushisa.
Icho chimwe chezvinhu zvitatu zvinowanzoitika magnetic zvishandiso ( iron uye nickel iri iyo imwe mbiri) uye inoramba iine magnetism pane yakanyanya kutonhora (2012 ° F, 1100 ° C) kupfuura chero imwe simbi. Mune mamwe mazwi, cobalt ine nzvimbo yakakwirira yeCurie Point yezvose zvese. Cobalt inewo zvinhu zvinokosha zvinogadzirisa
Nhoroondo
Izwi cobalt rinodzokera kumashoko gumi nematanhatu emuzana remakore rechiGermany izwi kobold , zvinoreva kubhururuka, kana mweya wakaipa. Kobold yakashandiswa kurondedzera cobalt ores iyo, apo ichinyungudzwa nokuda kwechirivheri yavo, yakapa poisonous arsenic trioxide.
Kokutanga kushandiswa kwe cobalt kwaive mumakemikari anoshandiswa kwemavara ebhuruu yehari, girazi, uye glazes. Muumbi wehari wekuIjipiti neyeBhabhironi wakavezwa nemakemikari e cobalt anogona kunge akaverengwa kare muna 1450 BC
Muna 1735, chimiro chemakemikari wechiSweden Georg Brandt ndiye wekutanga kuisa mukana wezvinhu kubva mumhangura yega . Akaratidza kuti bhuruu yebhuruu yakasimuka kubva ku cobalt, kwete arsenic kana bismuth semakemikari ekutanga aitenda.
Mushure mokunge uri oga, cobalt metal yakaramba isina chinhu uye kazhinji isiri kushandiswa kusvika muzana remakore rechi20.
Nguva pfupi mushure me1900, mutengesi wemabhizimisi weAmerica Elwood Haynes akagadzira nhengo itsva yehutu husingawaniki, iyo yaakatumidza se stellite. Iyo yakabhabhatidza muna 1907, stell alloys ine yakakwirira ye cobalt uye yekromium zviri mukati uye zvachose isiri magnetic.
Chimwe chiitiko chakakosha che cobalt chakauya nekugadzirwa kwealuminium -nickel-cobalt (AlNiCo) magamba muma1940s. AlNiCo magetsi ndiyo ndiyo yekutanga kugadziriswa magetsi magetsi. Muna 1970, mhizha yacho yakashandurwazve nekuvandudzirwa kwemasamitium samarium-cobalt, ayo akatapa kare kusingagoneki magnet magetsi.
Iko kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi kwecobalt kwakaguma neLondon Metal Exchange (LME) inotanga matanho emakambani ekupedzisira e 2010.
Kugadzirwa
Cobalt nenzira inowanzoitika mujeri-bearing bearingites uye nickel-copper sulfide deposits uye, naizvozvo, inowanzobudiswa sechinhu-chigadzirwa nickel nemhangura. Maererano neCobalt Development Institute, inenge 48% yekodalt inogadzirwa inobva ku nickel ores, 37% kubva mumhangura ores uye 15% kubva pachikoro chekutanga cobalt.
Mafuta makuru e cobalt ndiwo cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot, uye skutterudite.
Nzira yekuwedzerwa inoshandiswa kubudisa yakanatswa cobalt metal inofanirwa kana iyo inopa zvokudya iri mu (1) mhangura-cobalt sulfide ore, (2) cobalt-nickel sulfide concentrate, (3) arsenide ore kana (4) nickel-laterite ore:
- Mushure mokunge makethi emhangura anokonzerwa kubva ku cobalt-ine mhangura sulfides, cobalt, pamwe nezvimwe zvakasviba, zvinosara pane electrolyte yakashandiswa. Kusvibiswa (iron, nickel, mhangura, zinc ) inobviswa uye cobalt inogadziriswa muyero yayo yehydroxide kushandisa lime. Cobalt metal inogona kucheneswa kubva iko iko kushandiswa kwe electrolysis, isati yapwanyika uye yakasvibiswa kuti iite yakachena, yebhizimisi grade grade.
- Cobalt-ine nickel sulfide ores inoshandiswa uchishandisa chirongwa cheSherritt, chinonzi Sherrit Gordon Mines Ltd. (zvino yava Sherritt International). Muchiitiko ichi, sulfide concentrate ine zvishoma kupfuura 1% cobalt inomanikidzirwa pamhepo yakadzika mune imwe muto wemammonia. Zvose mhangura uye nickel zvose zvakabviswa mumaketani emakemikari ekugadzirisa matanho, achisiya chete nickel uye cobalt sulfides. Kushushikana kunobata nemhepo, sulfuric acid, uye ammonia inotora nickel yakawanda pamberi pecobalt poda inowedzerwa sembeu yekugadzirisa cobalt muhydrogen gas atmosphere.
- Arsenide ores yakabikwa kuti ibvise vazhinji vesarsenic oxide. Maori acho anobva ashandiswa nehydrochloric acid uye chlorine, kana ne sulfuric acid, kuti agadzire sarudzo inonatswa. Kubva iyi cobalt inowanikwa ne electrorefining kana carbonate precipitation.
- Nickel-cobalt laterite ores inogona kusungunuka uye yakasarudzwa kuburikidza nemishonga yepromrometallurgical kana maitiro e hydrometallurgical, anoshandisa sulfuric acid kana ammonia leach solutions.
Maererano nehuwandu hweU.S. Geological Survey (USGS), kuenzaniswa kwepasi rose kwecobalt yaiva matani 88 000 muna 2010. Cobalt yakawanda yakawanda munyika inobereka panguva iyoyo yaiva Democratic Republic of the Congo (45,000 tani), Zambia (11 000) neChina (6 200) ).
Kuchenesa kweCobalt kunowanzotora kunze kwemunyika umo ore kana cobalt inowanzogadzirwa. Muna 2010, nyika dzinobereka zviyero zvakakura zve cobalt yakange iri China (33,000 matani), Finland (9 300) uye Zambia (5,000). Vaparidzi vakakurumbira vese vakanatswa cobalt vanosanganisira OM Group, Sherritt International, Xstrata Nickel uye Jinchuan Group.
Applications
Superalloys, yakadai se stellite, ndiyo inoshandiswa zvikuru kune cobalt metal, inofanirwa ne20% yezvokuda. Izvo zvinowanzogadzirwa nematare, cobalt uye nickel, asi ine zviduku zvinyorwa zvese, kusanganisira chromium , tungsten , aluminium, uye titanium , izvi zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa zvakakwirira zvinopesana nekupisa, kupisa uye kupfeka, uye zvinoshandiswa kugadzira mazai einjini jet injini, yakaoma inotarisana nemichina, zvikwata zvekuneta, uye mapuranga emiti.
Imwe shandiswa yakakosha ye cobalt iri mune zvishandiso zvinorema (semuenzaniso Vitallium), iyo inogona kuwanikwa mumapfupa emapfupa uye mazino, pamwe chete nemakumbo ekunyengera uye mabvi.
Hardmetals, iyo iyo cobalt inoshandiswa sechinhu chinosunga, inodya zvikamu zvinenge 12 kubva muzana zvecobalt. Izvi zvinosanganisira cemented carbides nedhizimusi zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa mukuchera maitiro uye zvigadzirwa zvemigodhi.
Cobalt inoshandiswawo kubudisa magetsi asingagumi, akadai seAlNiCo ambotaurwa kare uye samarium-cobalt magetsi. Magnets anotarisa 7% emhando ye cobalt metal inoshandiswa uye inoshandiswa magnetic recording media, motori magetsi, pamwe chete nemagetsi.
Pasinei nemishandisirwo akawanda emakambani, cobalt inonyanya kushandiswa iri mumakemikari, iyo inofanirwa nehafu yenyika yose inoda kudiwa. Cobalt makemikari inoshandiswa mumatareti ematareti emabhatiri rechargeable, uyewo mune petrochemical catalysts, ceramic pigments, uye gorosi rinogadziriswa.
Sources:
Muduku, Roland S. Cobalt . New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp. 1948.
Davis, Joseph R. ASM Specialty Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, uye Alloys Yadzo . ASM International: 2000.
Darton Commodities Ltd .: Cobalt Market Review 2009 .