Properties
- Atomic Symbol: Fe
- Atomic Number: 26
- Element Category: Transition Metal
- Kuwedzera: 7.874g / cm 3
- Melting Point: 2800 ° F (1538 ° C)
- Nhamba yeBuiling: 5182 ° F (2862 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 4
Mamiriro
Siri yakachena isirivha yakaita sirivha inoita kupisa uye magetsi zvakanaka.
Iron inoshanda zvekare kuti igare iri yoga saka inongowanzoitika mumasikirwo enyika se iron ores, zvakadai sehematite, magnetite, uye siderite.
Imwe yesimbi yekucherechedza maitiro ndeyokuti yakasimba magnetic . Yakaratidzwa kune simba rine magnetic field, chikamu chipi nechipi chesimbi chingava magnetized. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti denga repasi rinoumbwa ne 90% yesimbi. Iyo magnetic force inokonzerwa nesimbi iyi ndiyo inoita magnetic North neSouth mapurisa.
Nhoroondo
Sirivha inogona kunge yakatanga kuwanikwa uye yakatorwa semugumisiro wehuni dzinopfuta pamusoro pehuta-ine ores. Iyo carbon mukati mehuni ingadai yakagadzikana ne oksijeni muyoro, ichisiya simbi, yakaoma isimbi yakaumbwa nesimbi. Iron inopisa uye kushandiswa kwesimbi kuti zvigadziridze zvombo uye zvombo zvakatanga kuMesopotamia (Irak yanhasi) pakati pe 2700 ne3000 BC. Pamakore anotevera makumi maviri nemaviri, ruzivo rwesimbi rwakakwira kumabvazuva kuEurope neAfrica panguva inonzi Iron Age.
Kubva muzana remakore rechigumi nemana, kusvikira nzira yakagadzirwa yekugadzira simbi yakawanikwa pakati pezana remakore rechi19, simbi yakanga ichiwedzera kushandiswa senzira yekugadzira ngarava, mabhiriji, uye zvivako. Eiffel Tower, yakavakwa muna 1889, yakashandiswa kushandisa mamiriyoni manomwe emakirogiramu esimbi yakaitwa.
Rust
Chimiro chinonyanya kuoma chesimbi ndechekugadzirira kuita rust.
Rust (kana ferric oxide) inobhururuka, yakaoma yakaoma iyo inobudiswa apo iron inowanikwa kune oxygen. Iyo gesi yeokisijeni inenge iri mumvura inokurumidza kuparadzaniswa nehutachiona . Chiyero chemarara - kukurumidza sei simbi inoshanduka kuva ferric oxide - inotsanangurwa nehupenyu hwemhepo yehuni uye nzvimbo yesimbi. Mvura yemunyu inowedzera oksijeni kupfuura mvura yakachena, ndicho chikonzero mvura yemunyu inomhanyisa dare nokukurumidza kupfuura mvura yakachena.
Rust inogona kudzivirirwa nekuputira simbi nemamwe masimbi ayo ari makemikari anonyanya kukwezva oksijeni, akadai sezinc (nzira yekugadzira simbi ne zinc inonzi ' galvanizing '). Zvisinei, nzira inonyanya kushandiswa yekudzivirira kupisa ndiyo kushandiswa kwesimbi.
Sirasi
Sirasi isimbi yesimbi uye zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvesimbi, izvo zvinoshandiswa kusimbisa nzvimbo (simba, kusagadzikana kurara, kushivirira kwekupisa etc) yesimbi. Kushandura rudzi uye chiyero chezvinhu zvakasanganiswa nesimbi zvinogona kubudisa marudzi akasiyana esimbi.
Zvipfeko zvakanyanya ndezvi:
- Carbon steels, iyo ine pakati pe 0.5-1.5% carbon. Idzi ndidzo dzinowanzoshandiswa uye dzinoshandiswa pamitambo yemotokari, ngarava hulls, makwisi, mishonga nemhando dzose dzezvigadziro zvekuvaka.
- Low alloy steels, ayo ane 1-5% mamwe masimbi (kakawanda nickel kana tungsten ). Nickel iron inokwanisa kumira yakakwirira yehutano uye, saka, inowanzoshandiswa pakuvakwa kwebhiriji uye nekuita mabhasikoro. Matanda eTungsten anochengetedza maitiro uye simba munzvimbo dzakakwirira-kutonhora uye anoshandiswa mumagariro, kushandiswa kwevashandi, zvakadai se drill bits.
- High alloy steels, iyo ine 12-18% yeimwe simbi inoshandiswa chete mumasikirwo anokosha nekuda kwekukwirira kwayo. Mumwe muenzaniso wesimbi yakakwirira yesimbi isimbi isina tsvina, iyo inowanzo ine chromium uye nickel, asi inogona kushandiswa nedzimwe nhumbi dzakasiyana. Sirivha isina kusimba yakasimba kwazvo uye yakanyanya kusagadzikana kurora.
Kugadzirwa
Yakawanda yesimbi inobudiswa kubva kune ores yakawanikwa pedyo nepasi. Nzira dzekuwedzera dzemazuva ano dzinoshandisa zviyo zvinoputika, izvo zvinoratidzirwa nematanda awo akareba (chimiro-sezvivako). Iyo simbi inodururirwa mumatanda pamwe ne coke (carbon-rich-rich coal) uye limestone (calcium carbonate). Mazuva ano, mashizha ematare anowanzopfuura nenzira yekukonzera asati apinda mucheka. Izvi zvinoumba zvidimbu zve ore zviri pakati pe10-25mm, izvo zvino zvinosanganiswa ne coke uye limestone.
Iko inonzi skered ore, coke neyemestone inodururirwa mucheka iyo inopisa pamatambo e1800 ° C. Coke inopisa sechinhu chinopisa uye, pamwe chete neokisijeni inotemerwa muvira, inobatsira kuumba kuderedza gesi carbon monoxide. Ropa rakabatana rinosanganiswa nezvinhu zvisina kuchena mukati mesimbi kuumba slag. Slag yakajeka kudarika sirivha yakanyungudutswa, saka inokwira kumusoro uye inogona kubviswa nyore nyore. Dare inopisa inodururirwa muzviganda kuti iite huni yesimbi kana kuti yakagadzirirwa zvakanakira kubudisa michina.
Nguru yesimbi inenge iri pakati pe 3.5-4.5% carbon, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kuchena, uye inobata uye yakaoma kushanda nayo. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshandiswa kuitira kuti kuderedza phosphorus uye sulfuri kusvibiswa muhuni yesimbi kuitira kuti ibudise simbi yakagadzirwa. Yakagadzirwa nedare, iyo inenge iri pasi pe2,55% kabhoni, yakaoma, inogona kushandiswa uye nyore nyore kusungirirwa, asi yakaoma zvikuru uye inodhura kubereka kudarika low carbon carbon.
Muna 2010, hupfumi hwepasi pose hwakagadzirwa huri mamiriyoni 2,4 mabhiriyoni. China, gurukota guru, rakabhadhara pamusoro pe 37.5% yezvese zvekugadzira, asi dzimwe nyika dzakakura dzinobereka dzinosanganisira Australia, Brazil, India, uye Russia.
Applications
Iron yakave iyo nyanzvi yekuumbwa, asi yakashandurwa kwenguva yakareba neyimbi mune zvakawanda zvekushanda. Kunyange zvakadaro, simbi inoshandiswa ichiri kushandiswa mumipopu uye kugadzira zvikwata zvemotokari, zvakadai semagadzirirwe misoro, cylinder blocks uye gearbox box. Iyo yakaitwa simbi ichiri kushandiswa kugadzira musha yemhando yezvinhu, zvakadai sewaini racks, makendeni, uye maketeni.
References
Mugwagwa, Arthur. & Alexander, WO 1944. Metare muBasa reMunhu . 11th Edition (1998).
The International Pig Iron Association.
Kunobva: www.pigiron.org.uk
USGS. Mineral Commodity Summaries: Iron and Steel (2011).
Chinhu: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel