Chii chinonzi titanium?
Properties
- Atomic Symbol: Ti
- Atomic Number: 22
- Element Category: Transition Metal
- Kuwanda kwevanhu: 4.506 / cm3
- Melting Point: 3034 ° F (1668 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 5949 ° F (3287 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 6
Mamiriro
Alloys ane titanium anozivikanwa nokuda kwesimba ravo rakakwirira, risina kujeka, uye rinokonzera kurwisana kwegorosi .
Pasinei nekuve nesimba sesimbi, titanium inenge inenge 40% yorema muhomwe, iyo, pamwe nekuramba kwayo kune cavitation uye kukura kwevhu, inoita kuti zvive nheyo inokosha inyanzvi yevanjiniya vepasi.
Titanium inotyisawo mukurwisana kwayo kurora nemvura uye chemikiramu. Inoita izvi kuburikidza nekuita sendima yakateteka ye titanium dioxide (TiO2) pamusoro penzvimbo iyo yakaoma zvikuru kuti zvinhu izvi zvipinde.
Kuva nechokudzikisa modulus elasticity zvinoreva kuti titanium haisiwo yakajeka zvikuru, asi inodzokera kuchimiro chayo chepakutanga mushure mekukotama, zvichiita kuti kukosha kwayo kugadzirisa memory alloys.
Titanium haina-magnetic uye biocompatible (isina-chepfu, isina-allergenic), iyo yakaita kuti iwedzere kushandiswa mune zvehutano.
Nhoroondo
Kushandiswa kwetitanium metal, chero ipi zvayo, yakanyatsogadzirwa pashure peHondo Yenyika II.
Ichokwadi, titanium yakanga isiri yakasarudzwa sesimbi kusvikira mutori wemakemikari weAmerica Matthew Hunter akachibudisa kuburikidza nekuderedza titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) ne sodium muna 1910; A method ikozvino inozivikanwa seHutter nzira.
Kutengeserana kwemabhizimisi, zvisinei, hazvina kusvika kusvikira mushure mekunge William Justin Kroll aratidza kuti titanium inogona kuderedzwa kubva mumakloride uchishandisa magnesium muma1930.
Nzira yeKroll inoramba iri inonyanya kukosha yekugadzirwa kwemabhiza kusvikira nhasi.
Mushure mekugadzirisa-inogadzirwa nzira yekugadzira yakagadzirwa, titanium yekushandiswa kukuru kwekutanga yaiva ndege dzehondo. Nyeredzi dzehondo dzeSoviet neAmerica nedzimwe ndege (semuSoviet Alfa naMike Class marineships uye USAF F100 Super Saber uye Lockheed A-12) yakagadzirwa muma1950 nema1960 yakatanga kushandiswa kwetitanium alloys. Pakutanga kwema1960, titanium alloys yakatanga kushandiswa nevatengesi vengarava.
Nyanzvi yezvehutano, kunyanya mazino emarayira uye prosthetics, yakamutswa kuitanium yakakosha mushure mekuchiremba chiremba wechiSweden zvidzidzo zvePer-Ingvar Brånemark kubva kuma1950 zvakaratidza kuti titanium inokonzera kusagadzirisa mafungiro evanhu muvanhu, zvichibvumira kuti simbi iwirirane mumitumbi yedu muitiro kunonzi osseointegration .
Kugadzirwa
Kunyange zvazvo titanium ndiyo yechina yakawanda yezvinhu zvesimbi mumhepo yakareba pasi (shure kwealuminium , iron , uye magnesium), kugadzirwa kwetitanium metal kunonyanya kunetseka kuisvibiswa, kunyanya neyakisi, iyo inokonzera kukurudzirwa kwayo kwemazuva ano uye yakadhura.
Maori makuru anoshandiswa mumutambo wekutanga we titanium ndeye ilmenite, iyo inofanirwa ne 90% yezvigadzirwa, uye rutile, iyo inofananidzira 10% inosara.
Inenge mamiriyoni matanhatu emamiriyoni ematanhatu eti titanium mineral concentrate yakagadzirwa muna 2010, kunyange zvazvo chikamu chiduku (anenge 5%) cheatanium yakagadzirwa gore roga roga pakupedzisira inopera mu titanium metal. Pane kudaro, zvizhinji zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira titanium dioxide (TiO2), kuchena kweganda rinoshandiswa mumapuranga, kudya, mishonga, uye zvipfeko.
Muchikamu chekutanga chebato reKroll, titanium ore inopwanyika uye inopisa ne coking coal mu chlorine mumhepo kuti ibudise titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). Iyo chloride inobva yatorwa uye inotumirwa kuburikidza negadziri, iyo inobereka titanium chloride yemvura inenge 99% yakachena.
Iyo titanium tetrachloride inotumirwa zvakananga mumidziyo ine magnesium yakaumbwa. Kuti urege kudzivirirwa kweokisijeni, izvi zvinoshandiswa mukati mekuwedzera kweArgon gas.
Munguva yekugadzirisa tsvina yakasvibiswa, iyo inogona kutora mazuva akawanda, mudziyo unopisa kusvika 1832 ° F (1000 ° C). Iko magnesium inopindana neikitidi ye titanium, ichibvisa chloride uye inobereka elemental titanium uye magnesium chloride.
Iyo fibrous titanium iyo inobudiswa semugumisiro inotumidzwa seti titanium sponge. Kuti ibudise titanium alloys uye yakachena purine titanium ingots, titanium siponsi inogona kusungurudzwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandiswa pakushandisa uchishandisa danda re electron, plasma arc kana kusviba-arc kusunguka.
Mune tariro yekuderedza mafuta ekutengesa titanium, electrolytic nedzimwe nzira dzekugadzira titanium metal dzinoramba dzichitsvakurudzwa zvakaoma.
Pamusana pehutano hwahwo, nhamba dzeti titanium yakagadzirwa mhepo inogona kuva yakaoma kuuya nayo. Zvisinei, inofungidzirwa kuti nyika yose titanium yakashambadzirwa yakakura yaive mamiriyoni 150 000 muna 2010. Zvose zvinokonzera kugadzira kune China, Japan, Russia, Kazakhstan uye United States. Mabhii makuru eti titanium anosanganisira VSMPO (Russia), Titanium Metals Corp. (USA), RTI Intl. (USA), Fushun Jinming Titanium Industry (China), Luoyang Sunrui Wayi Titanium Co. (China) uye Osaka Titanium Technology Co. (Japan).
Applications
Titanium mashizha alloys anonyanya kushandiswa mumabhizimisi anotevera:
- Aerospace
- Masoja
- Chiremba
- Kemikari
- Zvimwe zvemitambo
Mumakumi mashoma mashoma apfuura, vataki vezvikwata vari kuramba vachienda kune titanium sechinhu chinokosha. Kubva pakushandiswa kwaro kutanga pakutanga kwema1960, chiyero chetitanium chiri muBoeing's commercial airways chakawedzera kubva pa2% yehutatu hwehuviri kusvika 15%. Zvimwe ...
Sources
> TIMET Video: Kroll Process. Inowanika paIndaneti yeInternet Titanium Association: http://www.titanium.org
IU.S. Geological Survey: Titanium. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/
Vulcan, Tom. 2010. Titanium: The Metal of the Gods . Hardassetinvestor.com.
> Tevera Terence paGoogle +