Tsvaga Tsanangudzo uye Tsvaga Ndezvipi Zvinhu Zvakarehwa Nayo
Izwi rokuti 'refractory metal' rinoshandiswa kurondedzera boka resimbi rine zvinhu zvakanyanyisa zvakanyunguduka uye hazvigoni kupfeka, kupisa , uye kushanduka.
Shanduro yekushandiswa kwezwi rinoshandiswa nesimbi kakawanda rinoreva zvishanu zvinowanzoshandiswa:
- Molybdenum (Mo)
- Niobium (Nb)
- Rhenium (Re)
- Tantalum (Ta)
- Tungsten (W)
Zvisinei, tsanangudzo dzakapararira dzakabatanidzawo zvishandiswa zvishoma zvisingashandisi:
- Chromium (Cr)
- Hafnium (Hf)
- Iridium (Ir)
- Osmium (Os)
- Rhodium (Rh)
- Ruthenium (Ru)
- Titanium (Ti)
- Vanadium (V)
- Zirconium (Zr)
The Characteristics
Chiratidzo chezvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvishandiso ndezvokuramba kwavo kupisa. Iyo shanu yezvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa mumabhiza ose ane zvinyunguduka zvinoputika zvinopfuura 3632 ° F (2000 ° C).
Simba rezvigadziri zvinoshandiswa pamatambo akakwirira, pamwe chete nekuoma kwavo, zvinoita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakucheka nekugadzira zvishandisi.
Zvigadziriswa zvishandiso zvakare zvinopesana nekutengesa kwemafuta, zvichireva kuti kupisa nekudziya kunoramba kuchiita hakuzoiti nyore kukura, kushungurudzika, uye kupera.
Iyo simbi dzose dzine dambudziko rakakura (dzinorema) uyewo zvakanaka magetsi uye kupisa kunotisa zvinhu.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pfuma ndiko kukanganisa kwavo kunopera, tsika yezvigadzirwa kuti zvigadzire zvishoma nezvishoma pasi pesimba rekushungurudzika.
Nokuda kwekukwanisa kwavo kuumba chidziviriro chekuchengetedza, zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswawo zvinoramba zvichirwisana nehuroti, kunyange zvazvo zvinononoka kuvharidza pane zvakanyanya kutonhora.
Refractory Metals & Powder Metallurgy
Pamusana pemafungiro avo akakwirira uye dambudziko, zvigadziri zvinoshandiswa zvinowanzogadzirwa muupfu hwomuviri uye hazvina kumbogadzirwa nekukanda.
Mashizha esimbi anoshandiswa kuhukuru hwakasiyana nemafomu, uye akabatanidzwa kuti agadzire musanganiswa chaiyo wezvivako, asati aenzaniswa uye akazara.
Kuchengetedza kunosanganisira kupisa iyo simbi yehuni (mukati memuumbi) kwenguva yakareba. Pasi pekupisa, mapundu eupfu anotanga kusungwa, achiumba chikamu chakasimba.
Kuchengetedza kunogona kusungira zvidhina kunzvimbo dzechando kuderera pane iyo yakanyunguduka, iyo inobatsira pakushanda pamwe nesimbi inoshandiswa.
Carbide Powders
Imwe yepakutanga inoshandiswa kune yakawanda yakavhiringidza masimbi yakasimuka mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 pamwe nekugadzirwa kwe cemented carbides.
Widia , yekutanga yekutengesa tungsten carbide, yakagadzirwa neAsram Company (Germany) uye yakatengeswa muna 1926. Izvi zvakakonzera kuenderera mberi nekuedzwa pamwe zvakaoma uye kusapfeka kushandiswa kwesimbi, pakupedzisira zvichiendesa kukurudzirwa kwema carbide yemazuva ano.
Zvigadzirwa zve carbide zvinhu zvinowanzobatsirwa nemafuta eparders akasiyana. Iyi nzira yekubatanidza inobvumira kuiswa kwezvinhu zvinobatsira kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana, nokudaro, kubudisa zvinhu zvakakwirira kupfuura izvo zvingave zvakasikwa nemunhu. Somuenzaniso, yepakutanga Widia powder yaive ne 5-15% cobalt.
Cherechedza: Ona zvakawanda pamusoro pekugadzirisa simbi zvinhu mutafura iri pasi peji
Applications
Zvinyorwa zvesimbi-based alloys uye carbides zvinoshandiswa munharaunda dzose huru dzemabhizimisi, kusanganisira magetsi, aerospace, motokari, makemikari, migodhi, magetsi ekugadzirwa kwesimbi yenyu, kushandiswa kwesimbi, uye prosthetics.
Inotevera mutsara wekupedzisira-kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinogadziriswa zvishandisi yakanyorwa neRefractory Metals Association:
Tungsten Metal
- Incandescent, fluorescent, uye magetsi magetsi
- Anodes uye zvinangwa zve x-ray tubhu
- Semiconductor inotsigira
- Electrodes for inert gas arc kutengesa
- High capacity cathodes
- Electrodes for xenon mwenje
- Kupisa motokari matsotsi
- Rocket nozzles
- Electronic tube emitters
- Uranium processing processing
- Kuchenesa zvinhu uye mazhenjeti emisasa
- Alloying zvimwe zvinhu muzvipfeko uye masimba makuru
- Kuvandudza mumitambo yesimbi-matrix
- Chikamu chemakemikari uye petrochemical michina
- Mafuta
Molybdenum
- Alloying inowedzera mumashoni, mabasa, mashizha asina tsvina, zvigadzirwa zvekushandisa uye nickel-base superalloys
- Yakakwirira-yakananga kugaya magirasi
- Spray metallizing
- Kufa-kufa kunouraya
- Missile uye rocket injini zvikamu
- Electrodes uye inokonzera matanda mugirazi kugadzira
- Chigadziko chemagetsi Inotungira zvinhu, mabhazi, huni dzinopisa, uye muffler liner
- Zinc kuchenesa mapampu, vafambisi, vheji, stirrers nemiti yakanaka ye thermocouple
- Nyukliya inogadzirisa kutonga tsvimbo yekuita
- Shandura magetsi
- Inotsigira nekusigirwa kwevanopfurikidza nekugadzirisa
- Kunyadziswa uye kutsigira mafaira emotokari yemusoro
- Vacuum tube getters
- Rheketi yejasi, mboni, uye kupisa nhoo
- Missile Components
- Superconductors
- Kemikari nzira yezvigadzirwa
- Muchengetedze nyuchi mumashando ekudzivirira akadzikisa
- Alloying additives mu-ferrous alloys & superconductors
Cemented Tungsten Carbide
- Cemented Tungsten Carbide
- Kugadzira zvishandisi zvekushamba kwesimbi
- Zvishandisirwe zvemichina yenyukireya
- Kudhinha kwemigodhi uye mafuta
- Kuumba kunofa
- Mishonga inogadzira magwaro
- Thread guides
Tungsten Heavy Metal
- Bushings
- Zvigaro zvevheji
- Mabhanhire ekucheka zvakaoma uye zvisingabatsiri zvinhu
- Bhoji peni penhopu
- Masonry macheka uye kugovera
- Simbi inorema
- Radiation shields
- Zvipikisa zvepamberi
- Kuzvidzivirira kumeso kwemashure
- Aerial kamera kuenzanisa nzira
- Helicopter rotor blade balance weights
- Gorobhu chikwata kuisa
- Dzimba miviri
- Hondo dzemauto
- Vibration damping
- Military Ordnance
- Shotgun pellets
Tantalum
- Electrolytic capacitors
- Heat exchangers
- Bayonet heaters
- Thermometer wells
- Vacuum tube filaments
- Kemikari nzira yezvigadzirwa
- High-temperature furnaces components
- Zvigaro zvekutora simbi yakanyunguduka uye alloys
- Kucheka midziyo
- Aerospace engine components
- Mapiritsi okuvhiya
- Alloy inowedzera mu superalloys
Proper Properties of Refractory Metals
| Tora | Unit | Mo | Ta | Nb | W | Rh | Zr |
| Zviitiko Zvokutengeserana Kwekutsvaga | 99.95% | 99.9% | 99.9% | 99.95% | 99.0% | 99.0% | |
| Density | cm / cc | 10.22 | 16.6 | 8.57 | 19.3 | 21.03 | 6.53 |
| lbs / in 2 | 0.369 | 0.60 | 0.310 | 0.697 | 0.760 | 0.236 | |
| Melting Point | Celcius | 2623 | 3017 | 2477 | 3422 | 3180 | 1852 |
| ° F | 4753.4 | 5463 | 5463 | 6191.6 | 5756 | 3370 | |
| Boiling Point | Celcius | 4612 | 5425 | 4744 | 5644 | 5627 | 4377 |
| ° F | 8355 | 9797 | 8571 | 10,211 | 10,160.6 | 7911 | |
| Dambudziko rakaita | DPH (vickers) | 230 | 200 | 130 | 310 | - | 150 |
| Kufambisa Kwemhepo (@ 20 ° C) | cal / cm 2 / cm ° C / sec | - | 0.13 | 0.126 | 0.397 | 0.17 | - |
| Kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwemafuta | ° C x 10 -6 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 4.3 | 6.6 | - |
| Electrical Resistivity | Micro-ohm-cm | 5.7 | 13.5 | 14.1 | 5.5 | 19.1 | 40 |
| Kugadzirisa Kwemagetsi | % IACS | 34 | 13.9 | 13.2 | 31 | 9.3 | - |
| Tensile Strength (KSI) | Ambient | 120-200 | 35-70 | 30-50 | 100-500 | 200 | - |
| 500 ° C | 35-85 | 25-45 | 20-40 | 100-300 | 134 | - | |
| 1000 ° C | 20-30 | 13-17 | 5-15 | 50-75 | 68 | - | |
| Minimum Elongation (1 inch gauge) | Ambient | 45 | 27 | 15 | 59 | 67 | - |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 500 ° C | 41 | 25 | 13 | 55 | 55 | |
| 1000 ° C | 39 | 22 | 11.5 | 50 | - | - |
Chinhu: http://www.edfagan.com