Kuti izvi zvinogadziriswa zvinoratidzika sei
Iwe unoziva zvakadini nezvekudziviswa kwemakemikari? Wana kunzwisisa zviri nani pane zvavanoita uye nei vachikosha, pamwe nekuongorora uku.
Kutsanangura Kugadziriswa Enzyme
Chigadziriswa endonucleases ikirasi ye enzyme inoderedza DNA molecules. Enzyme imwe neimwe inoona kukanganisa kwakasiyana-siyana kwe nucleotides muDNA strand. Kurongeka kwakadaro kunowanzotanga kusvika 4 kusvika ku6 bhesi-mbiri refu. Izvi zvinotevera palindromic mune kuti DNA yakabatana yakagadzikana ine tsanangudzo yakafanana chete mumutsananguro.
Mune mamwe mazwi, zvidimbu zviviri zveDNA zvinodzwa panzvimbo imwe chete.
Iyo Iyo Enzyme Iyi Inowanikwa
Kuzvidzivirira kwemakemikari kunowanika mumatambudziko akawanda akasiyana eabhakitiriya apo basa ravo rezvemagadziro nderokubatanidzwa muchitinho chekuchengetedza. Aya ma enzymes "anogadzirisa" kune dzimwe nyika (semuvirari) DNA inopinda musero, nekuiparadza. Sero rejeri rine gadziriro-kuchinja shanduko iyo inogadzirisa DNA yayo pachayo panzvimbo dzakashandiswa pamagadzirirwo ayo ekudzivirira maitiro enyama, nokudaro ichidzivirira kubva pakuchenesa. Zvinopfuura 800 zvinozivikanwa zvine enzymes zvakawanikwa kuti dzinoona zvinopfuura zana zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutsvaga nucleotide.
Shandisa mu Biotechnology
Kuvharirwa kwemakemikari kunoshandiswa mu biotechnology kuderedza DNA muzvidimbu zviduku kuitira kuti tidzidze kusiyana kwemazuva ekusiyana kwevanhu (Kureva kweFragment Length Polymorphism - RFLP). Izvo zvinoshandiswawo zvegene cloning.
Nzira dzeRFLP dzave dzichishandiswa kugona kuti vanhu kana mapoka evanhu vane kusiyana kwakasiyana kwekugadzirisa maitiro uye kuvhara mamiriro ekugadzirisa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomu genome.
Zivo yeizvi nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana ndeye hwaro hweDNA neminwe yezvinyorwa . Imwe neimwe nzira idzi inobva mukushandiswa kwe agarose gel electrophoresis yekuparadzanisa zvidimbu zveDNA. TBE buffer, iyo inoumbwa neBris base, boric acid, uye EDTA, inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira agarose gel electrophoresis kuongorora DNA michina.
Mitemo yeZvirevo zveEndrime
Kune zvitatu zvakasiyana siyana zvekudzivirira ma enzymes. Ita I inoderedza DNA pane dzimwe nzvimbo kusvika kune 1000 kana kupfuura pasi-pairs kubva panzvimbo inozivikanwa. Rudzi rwechitatu III rutsva paanenge 25 se-pairs kubva panzvimbo. Mitemo I ne3 inoda ATP uye inogona kuva yakakura enzyme ine mazana mashoma-diki. Ita II enzymes, iyo inowanzoshandiswa mu biotechnology, kuderedza DNA mukati mekucherechedza kunoenderana pasina kudiwa kwe ATP uye iduku uye iri nyore.
Rudzi rwechipiri rwechipiri rwemaitiro anonzi mazita anobva kune mabhakitiriya anobva mavari. Semuenzaniso, enzyme EcoRI yakanga iri kure neE E. coli . Vazhinji voruzhinji vanozivikanwa neElili kuputika mune zvokudya.
Rudzi rwechipiri rwechiremera rwemaviri runogona kuumba maitiro maviri akasiyana-siyana ekudururwa zvichienderana nekuti vanocheka zvidimbu zvose zviri pakati pekucherechedza kuratidzirwa kana shandi imwe neimwe kusvika kune imwe mugumo wekucherechedza zvakaenzana.
Iyo yakambochekwa ichaita "zvigumo zvisinganzwisisiki" pasina nucleotide overhangs. Izvozvo zvinogadzira "sticky" kana "kubatana" zvinopera nokuti chimwe nechimwe chinokonzerwa neDNA chinonyanya kuwedzera chinopa mamwe madimbu. Zvose mbiri dzinobatsira mu molecular genetics pakuita DNA recombinant uye mapuroteni.
Ichi chimiro cheDNA chinoratidzika nokuti chinobudiswa ne-ligation (kusungirirana pamwe) yezvipfeko zviviri kana zvakasiyana zvakange zvisina kubatana pamwe chete.