Gene kugadzirisa ndechiito chekuita makopi, kana kuti majekesheni, ejena rimwe chete. Kana imwe geni ichizivikanwa, makoni anogona kushandiswa munharaunda dzakawanda dzezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa uye zvekushanda. Genetic engineering ndiyo nzira yekugadzira maitiro ezvisikwa zvipenyu zvitsva kana kuchinja DNA zvakafanana kuti ichinje mapuroteni. Genetic engineering inoenderana nekukwanisa kwatinoita kuita zvinotevera nzira dzinokosha.
01 Polymerase Chain Reaction
02 Kudzora Enzyme
Kuwanikwa kwemakemikari anozivikanwa sekudzivirira endonucleases kwave kwakakosha kuprotheni engineering . Aya maantimu anochera DNA panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nekuenzanisa kweiucleotide. Mazana ezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari , anokwanisa kuderedza DNA pane imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana, ave akaparadzaniswa nemhando dzakasiyana dzakasiyana dzebhakitiriya. DNA yakachekwa nemigodhi inokonzera enzyme inobereka zviduku zviduku zvishoma, zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinogona kuparadzaniswa kushandisa gel electrophoresis kana chromatography.
03 Electrophoresis
Kuchenesa DNA kubva muchitokisi, kana kuidzikisa kuburikidza nekudzivirira maitiro enyama hakuzove kushandiswa zvakanyanya kana tisingakwanisi kufungidzira DNA - kureva, tsvaga nzira yekuona kana kuti kwete yako yekutora ine chero chinhu, kana kuti chii chakakura zvidimbu iwe Ndapeta. Imwe nzira yekuita izvi ndeye gel electrophoresis. Gels anoshandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva pakuona DNA yakagadzirwa kuti ione DNA inowedzera uye kugogodza.
04 Join Two Parts of DNA
Mukutsvakurudza kwezvemajini, inowanzodiwa kubatanidza michina miviri kana kupfuura yakawanda yeDNA, kuti igadzire chidimbu chinonzi recombinant, kana kuvhara rwonzi rwendarira rwakatemwa nekudzivirira maitiro enzymes. Mazimbe anonzi DNA ligases anogona kuumba zvibatanidza zvakasungwa pakati pemaketani emaketani. I-enzyme DNA polymerase I uye polynucleotide kinase inokoshawo mune izvi, pakuzadza zvipuka kana phosphorylating 5 'magumo, maererano.
05 Kusarudzwa Kwemadiki Kudzokorora DNA
Zvidimbu zviduku zvakasiyana-siyana zveDNA izvo zvisiri chikamu chebhakitiriya, asi vanogona kuzvidzora, vanozivikanwa se plasmids. Mishonga inowanzoshandiswa sevectors kutakura magisi pakati pemakorikari. Mune biotechnology, kana geni rekufarira rawedzerwa uye zvose geni uye plasmid zvinodzwa nekudzivirira masvikiro emuviri, izvo zvinokonzerwa pamwe zvichigadzira izvo zvinozivikanwa seDNA recombinant. Viral (bacteriophage) DNA inogona kushandiswa sevector, sezvinogona kuita cosmids, plasmid recombinant ine mabhakitiriya emagetsi.
06 Method yekufambisa Vector Munhare Yemauto
Nzira yekutsvaga mazita ezvakaberekwa pane vector yakadai seplasmid, mumasero matsva anoshandiswa, anonzi kushandurwa. Iyi nzira inoda kuti masero anogadziriswa aonekwe nekuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza izvo zvinoita kuti zvive "vakakwanisa" kana kuti zvishoma nezvishoma zvinogadzirika kune vector. Electroporation ndiyo imwe nzira yakadaro. Iyo yakakura plasmid, iyo yakaderera kubwinya kwainoitwa nemasero. DNA yakawanda zvikamu zvinoshandiswa nyore nyore kushandiswa kushandisa bacteriophage, retrovirus kana zvimwe zvipembenene zvine utachiona kana cosmids mune imwe nzira inonzi kududzirwa. Mapeji kana zvivharo zvevirusi zvinowanzoshandiswa mukurapa kwekuvandudza asi zvinogona kukonzera kuiswa kweDNA mune zvikamu zvemachromosomes edu apo isu tisingadi, zvichikonzera zvinetso uye kunyange nekenza.
07 Nzira dzokusarudza Transgenic Mishonga
Haasi masero ose achatora DNA munguva yekushandura. Zvakakosha kuti pave nenzira yekucherechedza iyo inoita. Kazhinji, plasmids inotakura majini ekurwisa mabhakitiriya uye masero emagetsi anokwanisa kusarudzwa zvichienderana nekuratidzira kwemajeni aya uye kukwanisa kwavo kukura pamashizha ane antibiotic. Nzira dzakasiyana dzekusarudzwa dzinoenderana nekuvapo kwemamwe mapuroteni emutori wenhau akadai se x-gal / lacZ system, kana kuti vert fluorescence protein, iyo inobvumira kusarudzwa maererano nemuvara uye fluorescence, zvichienderana.