Kubva muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe AD (kunyange zvazvo vanyori venhau dzakaitika vasingazivikanwi nezvezuva chaiyo raakagadzirwa) kusvika pakati pemakore ekuma1800, pfupa yakasviba ndiyo chete inoputika. Mhando imwe chete yemaputika yakashandiswa sekudzivirira pfuti uye nechinangwa chekutsvaira mune chero mauto ehondo, mining uye civil engineering application.
Iko Industrial Revolution yakatora zvitsva zvitsva mumagetsi uye purogiramu yekombiyuta. Izvozvo zvinonyanya kukosha, inoshanda pakati pezvidzidzo zvemauto uye zvehurumende zvemaputi, nekuda kwezvinhu zvitsva zvekugadzirisa zvemari, kushandiswa kwezvinhu, simba, kunyatsogadzikana kana kukwanisa kuchengetwa kwenguva yakareba pasina kunyanya kuipa.
Kunyange zvakadaro, mauto akafanana nemafungiro akaita dzimwe nguva anoshandiswa mukudzura kwekuvaka uye zvivakwa uye zvinhumba zveAnFO (ANFO inotsanangurwa neAmmonium Nitrate Fuel Oil mix), kunyange pakutanga yakagadzirwa kushandiswa mumigodhi, inofanirwawo nehondo.
Low Explosives vs. vs. High Explosives
Explosives ndiwo makemikari, uye saizvozvowo, anounza maitiro. Mhando mbiri dzakasiyana dzezvakaita (deflagration uye detonation) dzinobvumira kusiyanisa pakati pemaputi makuru uye apasi.
Izvozvo zvinonzi "zvinyorwa zvishoma" kana kuti "zvinyorwa zvishoma," zvakadai seBlack Powder, zvinowanzoita huwandu hwemhepo inopisa uye inopisa pamhepo inononoka.
Izvi zvinonzi deflagration. Kuputika kwakadzika hakuiti kutyisa.
Zvigadzirwa zvepfuti kana mabheketi, zvishandiso zvemoto, uye zvinokonzerwa nemagetsi ndezvowakanyanya kushandiswa kwezviputi zvishoma. Asi kunyange zvazvo kuputika kwepamusoro kwakachengeteka, kuputika kwepasi kunoshandiswa mazuva ano kune dzimwe nyika kumigodhi yekushanda, zvakanyanya nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinodhura.
MuU.S., kushandiswa kweNyoka Powder kwekushandiswa kwehurumende kunotsvaga kubva muna 1966.
Kune rumwe rutivi, "zvipuka zvakakwirira" kana "zviputi zvakakwirira," zvakadai saDynamite, zvinowanzoita kuti zvione kuti zvinorevei izvo zvinokonzera kupisa kwepamusoro uye kupisa kwepamusoro uye kutyisa kunofamba kune imwe kana kupfuura kukurumidza inzwi, rinoputsa zvinhu.
Kusiyana nezvinonzi vanhu vakawanda vanofunga kuputika kwepamusoro zvinowanzochengeterwa zvinhu zvakachengeteka (zvikurukuru kusvika kune zvinyorwa zvechipiri, tarisa pasi apa). Dynamite inogona kudonhedzwa, kugumburwa uye kunyange kupiswa pasina kuputika zvisina kuitika. Dynamite yakaumbwa naAlfred Nobel muna 1866 chaizvoizvo nokuda kwechinangwa ichocho: kubvumira kusachengetedzwa kwakachengeteka kwezvinobva kuwanikwa (1846) uye yakanyanya kusagadzikana nitroglycerine, nokuisanganisa nevhu rakasarudzwa, rinonzi kieselguhr.
Primary / Sekondari vs. Zvidzidzo zveMatatu
Mabhiripiti makuru uye epachikoro mabhesi mashoma ekuputika kukuru. Nzira inofanirwa ndeye simba uye simba rekusimudzira rinodikanwa kutangisa zvakaputika zvakaputika.
- Kuputika kwepamba kunogona kubviswa nyore nyore nekuda kwekunzwa kwavo kwakanyanya kune kupisa, kupesana, kukonzerwa, kugadzika magetsi. Nyemeri inozadza, kutungamirira azide kana PETN (kana penthrite, kana kuti zvakanyatsonaka Penta Erythritol Tetra Nitrate) ndiyo mienzaniso yakanaka yezvinyorwa zvinotanga kushandiswa mumashini emigodhi. Inogona kuwanika mumabhuruku uye mabhendi .
- Secondary explosives zvakare, kunyanya kupisa asi inowanzopisa kune detonation kana iripo yakawanda kwazvo. Icho chinogona kunge chakaita sechinhu chinopesana, asi mutoro we dynamite uchatsva kuti uwedzere kudonha uye nyore nyore uchienzaniswa nesimbi imwe ye dynamite.
- Zvipembenene zvepamusoro , zvakadai seAmmonium Nitrate, zvinoda simba rakawandisa rekugadzirisa simba, ndicho chikonzero ivo vari, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, zvakarongedzwa sevasina mabhomba. Izvo zvisinei zvingangodaro zvinokanganisa zvakagadzirwa, sezvakaratidzwa nezviitiko zvinoparadza zvinosanganisira Ammonium Nitrate muzvakaitika kare. Moto wakaputika matani mazana maviri nemazana matatu eAmmonium nitrate yakakonzera dambudziko rakaipisisa remabhizimisi munhoroondo yeUnited States yakaitika musi waApril 16, 1947, muTexas City, Texas. Pedyo kusvika 600 vakaurayiwa vakanyorwa, uye vanhu 5 000 vakakuvara. Matambudziko anowirirana neammonium nitrate ave achangobva kuratidzwa nekambani yeAIDS yeTyouse, kuFrance. Kuputika kwakaitika musi waSeptember 21, 2001, mune imwe nzvimbo yeAmmonium Nitrate yakauraya vanhu 31 uye ichikuvadza 2 442, 34 vavo zvakanyanya. Iwindo rimwe nerimwe rakaputsika mukati meharaunda yemakiromita matatu kusvika mana. Zvinhu zvakakanganiswa zvakange zvakazara, zvichinzi zvinodarika mabhiriyoni maviri ema Euro.