Blast caps inouya nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Fuse caps, detonators, magetsi, magetsi, uye magetsi zvinoshandiswa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzevashandisi vamunogona kuwana pamusika.
Fuse Caps
Kubudiswa kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera zvefusefu zvinoshuva kupindura kutyisa kwechigadzirwa chinoshandiswa munguva yekufungidzirwa. Kuchengetedzwa kwevashandi kwave kuchive chimwe chezvinangwa zvakakosha pakutsvaga kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu.
Pfupa yakasviba inonzi inonzi chiChinese, yakashandiswa semabasa emoto, kubva pamazana ekutanga emakore edu. Pasinei nekushandiswa kwemafuro madema-based "Greek-moto" mumauto ekare, 1380 inowanzozivikanwa zuva rekudzidza kwekutanga pfumbi yakasviba. ChiGermany Franciscan Monk, Berthold Schwarts akaumba pfupa kubva kune antique formula. Kutanga kushandiswa kwakanyorwa kweropa guru kune dombo rokuparadza rakadzoka muna 1627, muHungary.
Hazvina kutendeka kukurumidza kupisa kunyange zvakadaro kunoita kuti pfumbi yakasvibiswa zvikuru uye inoguma muzviitiko zvakawanda.
Izvi zvinokuvadza zvakakundwa muna 1831 nekugadzirwa kwe "Miners Safety Fuse" naWilliam Bickford, tambo ine rambo rutsvina rwakakonzerwa nemupfu dema.
Ascanio Sobrero akagadzira nitroglycerin muna 1846. Nitroglycerin ndiyo yekutanga yakawanikwa ichikurira kuva yakasimba kupfuura pfupa yakasviba.
Kushandiswa kwaro mumunda kunoramba kuchikuvadza kunyanya kusvika muna 1863 apo Alfred Nobel akafumura "dhonator" yake: chirongo chemapuranga chechigodo chakapinza chakaiswa muhomwe huru ye nitroglycerin yemvura, yakapoteredzwa muhombodo yesimbi. Muna 1865, Nobel yakagadzira mercury blasting cap iyo inomiririra kuderedzwa kukuru mumitengo yekugadzira uye naizvozvo yakabatanidzwa pakupararira kwayo yose yebhizimusi.
Sezvo zvisingabatsiri, fuse zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya nhasi mumabhizimisi emigodhi, kunyanya munyika dziri kusimukira. Fuse caps zvakare, kuburikidza nekugadzirisa, kusinganzwisisiki magetsi emagetsi.
Electric Detonators
Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvevashandisi vachishandisa magetsi sechiratidzo chekutanga chinonzi simba rinobuda mumakore ekuma1880.
Kupisa kwemagetsi mabhesi akafanana nefuseti, asi nemasero maviri emagetsi anoputika kubva kune rumwe rutivi, pane fuse.
Pakupedzisira magetsi emagetsi akaumbwa kutanga. Muna 1868, H. Julius Smith akapikisa teknolojia yakareruka uye yakachengeteka, zvichibvumira kupisa kuburikidza ne mercury yakazara musanganiswa, high-resistant platinum bridge wire, uye sulfur plug.
Kuiswa kwekudzidzira kwekudzivirira kwechitima kwakabvumira kuiswa kwepurogiramu yakarongwa yakagadziriswa yakavharidzirwa.
Iyi teknolojia inobvumira kukanganisa pakati pezvikwereti zviviri zvakatevedzana uye naizvozvo, kusikwa kwekutanga kwekutsvaga, kuzarura magonhi kune shots anoderedzwa asi kunogumira kune imwe nhamba yekubatanidzwa. Half-second delay delay detonators yakatanga mumavambo ekuma1900, apo millisecond inonoka kuvhara detonators yakauya pamusika muna 1943.
Mafuta emagetsi anononoka kupisa, kutyisidzika, magetsi emagetsi, radio frequency energy, uye magetsi emagetsi.
Non-Electric Detonators
Zvose zvisiri zvemagetsi ekugadzirisa masangano, apo nzvimbo yekutanga inotanga ichibva kunotyisa, yakagadzirwa muma1960 naDyno Nobel. Zvisiri zvemagetsi zvinogadzira pamusika muna 1973, zvichipa zvose zvinobatsira zvekugadzirwa kwemagetsi asi kuwedzerwa kuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi asi kuwedzerwa kuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi (kusava nemagetsi kumagetsi, remafrequency emagetsi, uye magetsi emagetsi) uye zvakakura kushandura mafashoni (zvakajeka kuronga kuenzanisa kukuru kwekutanga, inoretically ne nhamba isingagumi yekumhanya kunonoka).
Iyi inotanga kushandiswa yakagadzirwa nekutyisa kwemashupu akabatanidzwa pasi-the-hole detonators uye pamusoro pekubatana. Kunyangwe kupfeka kwavo kwemavhisi yakasvibirira uye nekuda kwekutanga, kutyisa kwemashubhu kunopisa kushamiswa kwevasi vasiri magetsi. Kuwirirana pamunda ndiko "kupisa-soro," kufungidzira kushamiswa-wave kufanana nemvura, ichifamba mumuchu kubva kune detonator kune imwe.
Zvisingaiti magetsi zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, munyika yose. IUnited States yakagara iine imwe yemakona makuru kune rudzi urwu rweva detonators.
Electronic Detonators
Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakatangwa munyika yekugadzirira magetsi muma1960. Kuwedzera kukura kwepfuti rimwe nerimwe kunotendeuka kuva sarudzo kumakambani anotanga, nokuti magetsi ekugadzirisa magetsi kuti akwanise kukwikwidzana nevatori vatsva vasati vamboiswa.
Izvo zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinoita kuti kusikwa kwekugadzirisa mabheji kushandiswe. Iyo inonzi blasting machine inoshandura magetsi ekugadziriswa kwemazuva emagetsi ekufambisa kune dzimwe nhare dzomutobvu, zvichiwedzera kuwanda kwenhamba yezvigadzirisheni zvegetsi izvo blasters dzinogona kubatanidza uye saka kuwedzerwa nhamba yezvinogona kusanganiswa.
Mumakore ekuma1990, kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi kwemagetsi kwakabereka pfungwa itsva: kushandisa shanduro yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi kutora nzvimbo ye pyrotechnical (powder) iyo inogadzira kusagadzikana kwezvigadziri zvemagetsi.
Kubva muna 1990 kusvikira muna 2000, kushandiswa kukuru uye kusimukira kwakatungamirirwa nenhamba huru yevashandi kuti vateerere maitiro ekugadzirisa maitiro emagetsi ehurongwa. Zvigadziriswa zvemagetsi zvinogadziriswa zvinomiririra danho rinotangira mu logic, zvichipa kushamisa kushanduka muchisarudzo chekutanga nguva. Izvi zvinogadziriswa pamwe chete nekodzero yakagadzirwa nemagetsi inozarura magedhi ekukurumidza kunonoka kuoma kwakatangira kuenzanisa kwakabva kwaratidza zvikomborero zvakakosha (kukuvadza kunetseka, kuwedzera kwehuwandu) kuvhizimisi vanobatana. Numerical simulation software software dzakagadzirirwa kubatsira varimi vedigai kuti vararame nenhamba yakawanda yezvingangodaro mukugadzirwa kwepfuti dzavo.
Pasinei nemutengo wakakosha wemakemikari, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinowedzera kupararira pamusika muma2000. Ikubatana kwakasimba uye yekuwana chikwata kwakaguma nekuparara kwechikamu chikuru chevarimi. Mazuva ano, vatori vashanu kana vatanhatu chete vanoramba vachishanda pamusika uyu.
Cheki imwe neimwe inogona kurongwa chete neyoyo chaiyo yakagadziriswa blasting machine. Nokuda kwekuita kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinyorwa zvekutaurirana, hapana yemichina iyi inogona kushandiswa kutanga matanho akawanda emagetsi. Nokudaro, hapana chimwe chezvikwata izvi chinogona kusanganiswa mupfuti rimwe chete.
Yekutanga kushandiswa kwemagetsi isina kushandiswa kwakaonekwa pamusika muna 2000, zvichibvumira kutanga kwehombodo huru kubva kure rakachengeteka. Kutanga kusina utsi kwakava muitiro pamusika.
Zvigadziri zvemagetsi zvinoramba zvichitevedzerwa nemagetsi ekugadzirisa mafambiro ekutungamirira chiratidzo chekutanga simba remhepo. ORICA Mining Services, muvambi wechina wireless detonator akazarurirwa kutanga kwegore ra2011, anozvifananidzira iye zvino kupedzisa nekushanda uku kushanda (kunogona kutyora, shorts, kugurwa, kusvibiswa kwemagetsi) nekudaro kunowedzera kuchengetedza uye zvandinowana.
Zvichaenderera mberi!