Muna Gumiguru ra1985, International Tin Council (ITC) yakashuma kuti yakange isina mari, isingakwanisi kubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo zvaive nematini ematini uye yemazuva ekutenga kutenga.
Dare redzimhosva dzomunyika dzakawanda dzakatarisana nemakore matatu anotevera, simbi nevatengesi nemabhangi akaedza kubvisa mararamiro avo, aizoratidza kuti ITC yakanga yawana mvumo inenge mamiriyoni 900 emadhora (US $ 1.4 mabhiriyoni), yakawandisa kupfuura chero munhu aifunga.
Kunyange zvazvo zvikwereti zvakasara pahombodo yehuwandu hwekurasikirwa uku, mutengo wemataini yose yakanyatsogumburwa, zvichiguma nekuvhara kwangu uye makumi ezviuru zvekurasikirwa kwebasa munyika yose.
Chii Chakakonzera Kuparara kweItC uye International Tin Market?
IIC yakaumbwa muna 1956 senhengo yekushandira ye International International Agreement (ITA), sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rine zvido mune nguva refu yakagadzikana yepasi rese yemari.
Zvinangwa zveITA zvakanga zviri nyore asi zvakasara nzvimbo yakawanda yekusagadzikana pakati pemapoka aireva zvose mutori weitini uye nyika yevatengi vematare. Pakati pezvinangwa zvaro ndeizvi:
- Kuchengetedza kana kuderedza kusapararira kwemabasa uye mamwe matambudziko akakomba anokonzerwa nokushaiwa kana kuwedzerwa kwepamusoro mune yepasi rese yemakakiti
- Kudzivirira kudarika kudengenyeka mumutengo weini
- Iva nechokwadi chekushandisa zvakakwana zveti mukutengesa "kwemaonero" nguva dzose
IIC yakagadza matanho maviri kuitira kuti zvizadzike zvinangwa izvi:
- Kutumira kunze kwekutonga
- Bhuku resimbi tin
Mukuita, chikwata chekushandisa chakashandiswa kune imwe nzvimbo yakareba kudarika kutengeserana kwekutengeserana, iyo yakanga isingatsigirwi zvizere uye yakaoma kushanda.
Maitiro ematekisi aishandiswa sei aisanganisira kutenga tin pamusika wepasi rose apo mitengo yakawira pasi pezvakatarisirwa pasi zvakagadzwa nesangano kuitira kutsigira mitengo.
Saizvozvowo, iyo Buffer Stock Manager inogona kutengesa zvinhu kana mitengo ichipfuura chikafu chekufungidzira chairo.
Vagadziri vaviri uye nyika dzevatengi vakaona zvikomborero kune iyi inoreti yemari-yakasimba yemusika.
Zviitiko zvinokosha
Muna 1965, ITA yakapa simba reMatare kukweretesa mari yekutenga mabhokisi ematini.
Mushure mekusainira ITA yechina muna 1970 (Chibvumirano chakavandudzwa mumakore mashanu emakore kubva muna 1956), Chibvumirano cheMusoro weChinyorwa chakasayirwa nehurumende yeUnited States iyo yakapa Bumbiro reMutemo risina kodzero kubva kumatare uye kuurayiwa sezvo ichigadziriswa Guta reLondon.
Pakazosvika 5 ITA (1976-1980), mvumo yezvipo zvekuzvidira kumudziyo wekutengesa kubva kunyika dzevatengi zvakabudirira yakabvumira kuti ukuru hwetini huve huviri. IU.S., iyo yakanga yakatora nguva yakawanda yakawanda yeatini kubva Hondo Yenyika II uye yakanga isati yashora kupinda muSivumelwano uye yakagadziriswa kuITA senyika yevatengi.
Kutarisana nekuguma kwe5th ITA, zvisinei, kusawirirana pamusoro pezvinangwa nehuwandu hweChipatano zvakaita kuti marudzi mazhinji aive muzvikamu ave kutanga kushanda kunze kweITA, achipindira zvakananga mumatengesi emata kune zvido zvavo: US inotanga kutengesa tini kubva iyo yakagadziriswa, asi Malaysia inotanga kuchitenga kutenga sirivha kutsigira mitengo.
Tin Tin Malaysia
Muna June muna 1981, pasi pekutungamirirwa kwevatengesi vemabhizimisi Marc Richie naCh, hurumende yeMalasian Mining Corporation yakagadzira imwe sangano kuti inotenga zvigaro zvemangwana paLondon Metal Exchange (LME). Izvi zvakachengetwa zvakatengwa, zvakabhadharwa nemabhizinesi eMalasian, zvakagadzirirwa kuti dzirambe dzichibatsigira mitengo dzenyika yose yesimbi, iyo yakanga ichidzvinyirirwa nekuderera kwenyika yose, yakakura yezvekugadziriswa kwetini uye kushandiswa kwealuminium nokuda kwetini muzvinyorwa zvekugadzira.
Izvo chete apo maMalaysia akatenga zvemagariro emangwana uye tini yemuviri yakatarisa kuti ibudirire, zvisinei, i-LME yakachinja mitemo yayo isina kutora, kurega vatengesi vashoma kubva pachigodo, uye zvichiita kuti pakarepo kuwira mumatini ematunhu anenge anenge 20 muzana.
Kuvaka Kushingaira
Yechitanhatu ITA, iyo yaifanira kusayinwa muna 1981, yakanonoka nekuda kwehukama hwechirume pakati pevanhu.
IAmerica yakanga isina kufarira iyo ITC inodzora kutengesa kweini kubva pane yakagadziriswa uye yakasimuka kubva muchibvumirano pamwe neBolivia, nyika huru inobereka.
Kuregererwa kwenyika idzi nevamwe, pamwe chete nekuwedzera kwekutengesera kweti kubva kune vasiri nhengo dzenyika, dzakadai seBrazil, zvinoreva kuti ITA ikozvino inomiririra hafu yepasi rese yematengesi, inofananidzwa nevanopfuura makumi manomwe kubva muzana makore gumi zvisati zvaitika.
Vakasara 22 nhengo dzakasayina ITA yechitanhatu muna 1982 dzakasarudza kubhadhara kutengesa kwemasendimita 30 000 emotokari, pamwe nekukwereta mari yekubhadhara kutenga imwe ye 20,00 tani yesimbi.
Muchiedza chakaipa chekudzikisa matengo ekudonha, ITC yakaramba ichiisa kutengeswa kwekutengeserana, asi izvi zvakanga zvisingabatsiri, sezvo kushandiswa kwepasi rose kwetini kwakapfuura kushandiswa kubva muna 1978 uye sangano raive nesimba risina simba.
Dare rakasarudza kupindira zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekutenga nguva yemaini paLME.
Kuedza kukwezva vanhu vasiri nhengo kuti vabatane muchibvumirano chikakundika uye muna 1985, vachiziva kuti mutengo wepamusoro wepasi wakanga usingagoni kudzivirirwa nekusingaperi, ITC yaifanira kusarudza pamusoro pokuti ingaramba ichiita sei zvinangwa zvayo.
Malaysia, mutori mukuru uye izwi rakasimba muDare, kuedza kuedza kwevamwe nhengo kuti vaderedze mutengo wemari, wakaiswa muMalasian ringgits. Kutaura kwekuti mutengo wekutsvaga wakagadzirirwa muchengeti, iwo pachako, kuisa kuwedzera kumanikidziro kuItC, sekushandura kwehuwandu hwekushandurwa kwemashoko ekutanga kwa1985 kwakaguma kuenderera mberi nekuderera mutengo weLME tin.
Iyi donho inoisa dambudziko rezvemari kune vashandi veItC vechikwereti-tini vaibata simbi sematoro-apo apo Bato raive rakaderera pasi pamari.
The Tin Market Crash
Sezvo runyerekupe rweIcs yemari mamiriro ezvinhu ehupfumi hwakatanga kupararira, iyo Council's Buffer Stock Manager, vachitya kukoromoka kwemusika, vakakurudzira nhengo kuti dzirambe dzichibhadhara kutenga kutenga kwemasitini.
Asi zvakanga zvisinganyanyi kunonoka. Mari yakapikirwa haisati yasvika, uye mangwanani eOctober 24, 1985, Buffer Stock Manager akarayira iLME kuti yaimisa basa nokuda kwekushaya mari.
Pamusana pekukwirira kwemamiriro acho ezvinhu, zvose LME neKuala Lumpur Commodity Exchange vose vakabva vasimudza kutengeserana kwemasitini emataini. Tin zvibvumirano hazvingadzokeri kuLME kweimwe makore matatu.
Sezvo nhengo dzisingagoni kubvumirana pamusoro peurongwa hwokudzikinura ITC, mhirizhonga inopararira kuburikidza neLME, Guta reLondon uye yepasi rese mashizha.
Kunyange zvazvo nhengo dzeMatare dzichitaura, iyo yemakakiti inotengesa kumiswa. Mines akatanga kuvhara uye, asingakwanisi kuita zvisungo, vatambi vakuru vakamanikidzwa kupinda mubhadhadzi. Mutengo weinini, panguva iyo, mhino-yakabva kune US $ 6 pound imwechete kusvika pasi pe $ 4 pound.
Hondo yeUnited States yakamanikidzwa kupinda mvumo yepamutemo yekuongorora iyo pakupedzisira yakaratidza huwandu hwekurasikirwa kweTC. Nhengo dzekodzero dzeChechi dzegore reOctober 24, 1985, dzakawanikwa dziine £ 897 mamiriyoni anoshamisa (US $ 1.4 mabhiriyoni). Zvinhu zvepanyama uye kutengesa mberi zvaive zvakanyanya kudarika nhengo dzainge dzapa mvumo uye matarenda anopfuura 120 000 ematini-masere ekudyidzana kwenyika yose-aifanira kuyerwa uye kudirwa.
Sezvo mhirizhonga yemutemo yakatevera, mutengesi wematini waiva mumhirizhonga.
Munguva inotevera kukoromoka kwe International Tin Council, Malaysia yakavhara makumi matatu kubva muzana yemigodhi yayo, kubvisa mabasa 5000, 40 muzana yemigodhi yeThailand yakavhara, kubvisa mabasa anosvika 8500, uye kutora kweatini yeBolivia kwakawa nechetatu, zvichiita kuti kurasikirwa kwemabasa makumi maviri. 28 LME vatengesi vakaputsika, asi vamwe vatanhatu vakasiya kubva kune imwe nyika. Uye hurongwa hwehurumende hweMalasia hunovharira kutengesa matiniti hwakaguma huchidhura nyika kupfuura US $ 300 mamiriyoni.
Pakazosvika guruva rakatarisana nematare edzimhosva pamusoro peITA uye nhengo dzenyika dzaro, kugadzirisa kwakasvika kune vakaona chikwereti vachidzorera imwe chete yechishanu chekurasikirwa kwavo.
Sources:
Mallory, Ian A. Kuita Usingazivikanwi: The Collapse of the International Tin Agreement. American University International Law Review . Bhuku 5. Nyaya 3 (1990).
URL: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu
Roddy, Peter. The International Tin Trade . Elsevier. June 30, 1995
Chandrasekhar, Sandhya. Cartel muCan: The Financial Collapse ye International Tin Council. Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business . Fall 1989. Vol. 10 Nyaya 2.
URL: scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu