Zvinhu, maitiro, nhoroondo, uye kushandiswa kweAluminium
Aluminium (inozivikanwawo sealuminium) ndiyo yakawanda yakawanda yesimbi yakagadzirwa muvhu. Uye chinhu chakanaka, zvakare, nokuti tinoshandisa zvakawanda zvayo. Inenge mamiriyoni makumi mana emamiriyoni anoshongedzwa gore roga roga uye anoshandiswa mune imwe sarudzo yezvidzidzo. Kubva pamitumbi yemotokari kuenda kunzvimbo dzomukati, uye kubva kumagetsi emagetsi kuenda kumapuranga emagetsi, aluminiyumu chikamu chikuru cheupenyu hwezuva nezuva .
Properties
- Atomic Symbol: Al
- Atomic Number: 13
- Element Category: Post-transition metal
- Kuwanda kwevanhu: 2.70 g / cm 3
- Kuchengetedza Nzvimbo: 1220.58 ° F (660.32 ° C)
- Dhiyabhorosi Point: 4566 ° F (2519 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 2.75
Mamiriro
Aluminium isinganzwisisiki, inofambisa zvakanaka, inofungidzira uye isiri-chepfu siri inogona kushandiswa nyore nyore. Kugadziriswa kwesimbi uye zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobatsira zvinoumba icho chinhu chakanakisisa kune zvakawanda zvigadzirwa zvemabhizimusi.
Nhoroondo
Aluminium makemikari akashandiswa nevaIjipita vekare seyesvina, zvipfeko, uye mishonga, asi hazvina kusvika makore mashanu emakore gare gare vanhu vakawana nzira yekuputira pure metal aluminium. Hazvishamisi kuti kusimbiswa kwemaitiro ekugadzira aluminium metal yakabatana nekuuya kwemagetsi muzana remakore rechi19, sezvo saruminium inopisa inoda huwandu hwemagetsi.
Kubudirira kukuru kwekugadzirwa kweumumuminiya kwakauya muna 1886 apo Charles Martin Hall akawana kuti aluminium inogona kubudiswa achishandisa electrolytic kuderedza.
Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, aluminium yaive yakawanda uye yakaodhura kupfuura goridhe. Zvisinei, mukati memakore maviri eHurkey kuwanikwa, makambani ealuminium akanga achigadzirwa muEurope uye America.
Munguva yezana remakore rechi20, zvigadzirwa zvealuminium zvakakura zvikuru, kunyanya mune zvekutakura uye mabhuku emapurasitiki.
Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzekugadzira dzisina kuchinja zvakanyanya, dzave dzakanyanya kunyatsobudirira. Kwemazana zana apfuura, kuwanda kwesimba rinopedzwa kuti riite imwe unit of aluminium yakaderera 70%.
Kugadzirwa
Kugadzirwa kwealuminium kubva kune ore kunobva pane aluminium oxide (Al2O3), iyo inotorwa kubva kumafuta e-bauxite. Bauxite inowanzo ine 30-60% aluminium oxide (inowanzonzi alumina) uye inogara ichiwanikwa pedyo nepasi. Izvi zvinogona kuparadzaniswa kuita zvikamu zviviri; (1) kubudiswa kwealumina kubva kuBhauxite, uye (2), kusveta kwealuminium metal kubva kune alumina.
Kuparadzaniswa kweAlumina inowanzoitwa achishandisa izvo zvinonzi Bayer Process. Izvi zvinosanganisira kupwanya bhauxite muhupfu, kuisanganisa nemvura kuitira slurry, kupisa uye kuwedzera caustic soda (NaOH). Iro caustic soda dissolves alumina, iyo inobvumira kuti ipfuure kuburikidza nemafuta, zvichisiya kusviba shure.
Iyo sarumini inonzi aluminate inobva yanyongedzwa mumatangi emvura inogadziriswa apo zvikamu zve aluminium hydroxide zvinowedzerwa se 'mbeu'. Kushungurudzika uye kunotonhora kunokonzerwa nealuminium hydroxide inopinda mukati membeu, iyo inopisa uye yakaoma kuti ibudise alumina.
Masero eElectrolytic anoshandiswa kutenderera smelt aluminium kubva kune alumina mune zvakawanikwa naCharles Martin Hall.
Alumina inopinda mukati memasero yakanyungurwa mubhati rinoputika ye cryolite yakaumbwa pa1742F ° (950C °).
Nzvimbo chaiyo yepakati pe10 000-300,000A inotumirwa kubva mumakoto anodhi muchitokisi kuburikidza nemusanganiswa kune cathode shell. Ikozvino magetsi anoputsa alumina mualuminium uye oxygen. Iyo oksijeni inopinda pamwe nekhabhoni kuti ibudise carbon dioxide, nepo aluminium inokwezva ku carbon cathode cell lining.
Iyo aluminium inogona kuunganidzwa uye inotorwa kunzvimbo iyo inogadziriswa aluminium zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzerwa. Anenge chikamu chetatu che aluminium inobudiswa mazuva ano inobva pakudzorerwa zvakare. Maererano neU.S. Geological Survey, nyika huru yakakura yealuminium muna 2010 yaiva China, Russia, uye Canada.
Applications
Zvinyorwa zveAluminium zvakawanda kwazvo zvokuti hazvina kunyorwa, uye nekuda kwezvinhu zvakasimbiswa zvematsotsi vatsvakurudzo vari kuwana matsva matsva nguva dzose.
Kazhinji kutaura, aluminium uye ayo akawanda e alloys anoshandiswa mumabhizimisi matatu makuru; kufamba, kutakura, uye kuvaka.
Aluminium, mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye maarloys, inokosha kune zvivako zvikamu (mapuranga uye miviri) yezvikwata, motokari, zvitima, uye zvikepe. Zvinosvika 70% zveimwe ndege yekutengeserana inosanganisira aluminium alloys (yakayerwa nehukuru). Pasinei nokuti chikamu chacho chinoda kushungurudzika kana kurwisana nekuora, kana kushivirira kumatambo makuru, rudzi rweakarosi rinoshandiswa runobva pane zvinodiwa zvezvikamu chimwe nechikamu chikamu.
Inenge 20% yezvose aluminium yakagadzirwa inoshandiswa pakutsanura zvinhu. Aluminium mapepa ndiyo yakakodzera yepurasitiki yezvokudya nekuda kwayo isiri-chepfu, asi iyo inogadzirisawo zvakagadziriswa yemakemikari nekuda kwehutachiona hwakashata uye haina kukwana kuedza, mvura, uye oksijeni. MuUnited States bedzi, anenge mabhiriyoni zana emadhenyamu emakani anotumirwa gore negore. Inopfuura hafu yeiyi inogadziriswa zvakare.
Nemhaka yekugara kwayo nekudzivirira kurara, inenge 15% yealuminium inogadzirwa gore roga roga inoshandiswa mumabasa ekuvaka. Izvi zvinosanganisira mahwindo uye masuo emasuo, kudenga, kubata, nekugadzirisa maitiro, pamwe chete nemagota, zvivharo uye magedhi egaraji.
Aluminium inokonzera magetsi inobvumirawo kuti ishandiswe mumigwagwa yakakura yevatungamiriri. Kusimbiswa nesimbi, aluminium alloys inowedzera mari-inobudirira kudarika mhangura uye inoderedza kuputika nekuda kwekureruka kwayo.
Zvimwe zvikumbiro zvealuminium zvinosanganisira mabhosi uye kupisa kwemazuva ekutengesa magetsi, magetsi emigwagwa yomugwagwa, mafuta ekugadzirisa pamusoro-soro, alumini yakavharwa mahwindo, midziyo yekubika, baseball benzi, uye kuratidza kuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi.
Sources:
Mugwagwa, Arthur. & Alexander, WO 1944. Metare muBasa reMunhu . 11th Edition (1998).
USGS. Mineral Commodity Summaries: Aluminium (2011). http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/aluminum/