A kutarisa chikuru chemhangura yekunatsa
Maererano nehuwandu hunobva kuInternational Copper Study Group (ICSG), mugore ra2014 nyika yekubwinya kwemakumi maviri nemakumi maviri yakange yakabatana pamwe chete nemamirioni gumi emamiriyoni kana kupfuura 35 muzana yenyika yose yekunatswa kwemhangura.
Zvimwe zvezvishanu zvekugadzira zvinhu zvikuru - uye gumi zvepamusoro 20 - zviri muInlandland. Aya mashanu makuru, ega, ane hutano hwakakosha hwemamiriyoni maviri nemamiriyoni emadhora, kana anenge 12 muzana yepasi rose.
Zvitatu zvemashumi makumi maviri nematanhatu emakona makuru emhangura ane maKirian ane gurukota guru remhangura Codelco. Izvi zvivako zvitatu zvine hutano hwegore negore hwe 1.5 mamiriyoni matani.
Codelco, hazvishamisi kuti, ndiye muparidzi mukuru wenyika . Muna 2014, kambani yakabudisa matani anoda kusvika 400 000 mamwe emhangura pane yepasi rechipiri mukurumbira, Aurubis.
Kushandisa teknolojia yekuenderera mberi kunoshandiswa mune inopfuura hafu yezvinhu zvose zvinoshandiswa (zvinenge makumi manomwe kubva muzana), asi kushandiswa kwepasi rose kushandiswa muna 2013 kwakafungidzirwa kuva inenge 80 muzana.
Nyora iri pasi apa inobva pane zvinyorwa uye ruzivo rwawanikwa kuI ICSG Directory ye Copper Mines uye Zvirimwa (2014).
Zvinyorwa ndezvinyorwa zvinowanzosangana nemhepo imwe neimwe inoteverwa nemuridzi wevabereki. Iko ye smelter yakagadzirwa nemhangura yakagadzirwa gore negore inowanikwa muzviuru zvemataundi, kana kilotonnes (kt).
01 Guixi (Jiangxi Copper Corporation) - 900kt
Iyo yakagadzirwa uye inoshandiswa neChina yakawanda yemhizha yemhizha, Jiangxi Copper Corporation, Guixi smelter iri muJeangxi province. Copper cathodes kubva kune smelter inoshandiswa kuburikidza neLondon Metal Exchange pasi pe "Guiye" brand. Sirivha uye zviduku zvesimbi--zvigadzirwa zvinotorwawo kubva mumhangura yehuni pakucheneswa.
02 Jinchuan (Jinchuan Non Ferrous Co.) - 650kt
Inowanika muFengchengang, nzvimbo yekushanda iri kumaodzanyemba kweTixixi, China, Jinchuan yemhangura inonhuwira inokwanisa kubudisa anenge madhiyoni 650 000 pagore. Muna 2014, mutengesi wematare wepasi rese usina kutengesa Ferfigura akabhadhara US $ 150 mamiriyoni ehutengo hwe30% muJinchuan copper smelter.
03 Daye / Hubei (Daye Non-Ferrous Metals Co.) - 600kt
Iri kunharaunda yekumabvazuva kweHubei, Daye inofungidzirwa kuva yeruzivo rwemigodhi yemhangura kubvira muzana remakore rechinomwe BC. Dhavenhi yehurumende Daye Non-Ferrous Metals Co. inonzi China yakarerura mutezi wemhangura. Imari yakapfuura yakapetesa kaviri mhangura yemhino inokonzera mashekeri anenge 600 000.
04 Chuquicamata (Codelco) - 600kt
Codelco's Chuquicamata smelter inodyiswa neChuquicamata (kana kuti Chuqui) mhangura yemhangura, imwe yenyika dzakawanda dzomumakumbo emhangura yemhangura munyika yose. Inowanikwa kuchamhembe kweChile, Chuqui's smelting nzvimbo yakatanga kuiswa kumavambo 1950.
05 Yunnan Copper (Yunnan Copper Industry Group 64.8%) - 500kt
Yakasimbiswa muna 1958, Yunnan Copper ndiyo yechitatu yechina mutori wemhangura-yakakosha paanokwanisa. Iyo inofanirwa kuQingyuan, Guangdong province, inobatanidzwa pakati peYunnan Copper uye China Nonferrous Metals Group, iyo inonyanya kushandura blister kubva kuChambishi smelter muZambia.
06 Birla (Birla Group Hidalco) - 500kt
Indarira yakawanda yemhangura yeIndia, inoshandiswa neHidalco uye iri muGujarat, Birla yakatanga kutanga kugadzirwa kwemhangura muna 1998. Pashure pekuwanda kwekuwedzera, ikozvino ine simba rekunenge mazana mashanu emamirioni pagore.
07 Pyshma Refinery (Uralelectromed) - 500kt
IPyshma electrolytic yekunatswa kwemhangura yekutanga yakatanga kubudiswa muna 1934. Iri muSverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, Pyshma inoshandiswa neUralelectromed, ruoko rwakatengeswa pachena neUral Mining uye Metallurgical Company.
08 Toyo (Sumitomo Metals Mining Co. Ltd.) - 450kt
The Toyo Smelter uye Refinery, iri mumaguta eSaijo uye Nihama, Japan, inoshandiswa neSititomo Metals Mining Co. Ltd. Kudyidzana kubva kuSouth America, Australia, uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumaodzanyemba kweAsia, kusanganisira iyo kubva kuSierra Gorda minda, kunatswa uyewo zvinyorwa zvegoridhe uye molybdenum se--zvibereko kubva mumhangura.
09 Amarillo (Grupo Mexico) - 450kt
Iyo Amarillo Refinery kuchamhembe kweTexas inoshandisa vashandi vanopfuura 300, kunatsa mhangura cathode uye nickel sulfate. Iko kunatswa kwemhangura yakatumirwa muna 1974 naAsarco Inc. uye iko zvino yava uye inoshandiswa naGrupo Mexico.
10 Onsan Refinery (LS-Nikko Co.) - 440kt
LS Nikko Copper inoshanda Korea yakawanda yemhangura yekuchenesa muOnesan. Kuvandudza kweOsan, kwakatanga kushandiswa muna 1979 uye inoshandisa teknolojia yekufuta, ikozvino ine simba regore re 440 000 tani.
11 Hamburg Refinery (Aurubis) - 416kt
12 El Paso Refinerty (Freeport-McMoRan) - 415kt
13 Baiyin (Baiyin Nonferrous Metals) - 400kt
14 Jinguan (Tongling Non-Ferrous Metals Group) - 400kt
15 Jinlong Tongdu (Tongling Non-Ferrous / Sharpline Intl./Sumitomo /Itochu) - 400kt
16 Xiangguang Copper (Yanggu Xiangguang Coppper Co.) - 400kt
17 Shandong Fangyuan (Dongying) - 400kt
18 Sterlite Refinery (Vedanta) - 400k5
19 Las Ventanas (Codelco) - 400kt
20 Radomiro Tomic (Codelco) - 400kt
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