Platinum Group masimbi ndeimwe yemvura ine rarest pasi pano. Apo vanhu vazhinji vanofunga nezve platinum boka resimbi zvinongotarisa pane platinum uye palladium. Nekudzivirira kwakanyanya kune kupisa uye nzvimbo yezvishamiso simba platinum uye palladium zvikamu zvinokosha zvevashanduri vanovhenekera vanojekesa mhepo inouraya vasati vasvibisa mamiriro. Zvisinei, platinum ne palladium zvinongova zviviri zvemasimbi matanhatu anoita boka rinokosha rezvinhu.
Rhodium, osmium, iridium neRuthhenium ndiyo imwe nheyo ina dzakasarudzwa sePGM kana kuti platinum boka resimbi. Kune mapoka maviri ePGMs. Iko palladium boka rinosanganisira platinum, palladium uye rhodium. Iri iri boka rinosanganisira iridium, osmium uye ruthenium. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora izvi zvimwe zvina, zvidhina zviduku maererano nezvenhoroondo yavo, zvigadzirwa uye zvishandiso.
Rhodium
William Hyde Wollaston akawana rhodium muna 1803, achangobva kuwana palladium muna 1802. Rhodium ine ruvara rwesirivha; inogara yakasimba uye inokurudzira. Rhodium inowanikwa mumutambo weplatinum yakasvibirira - chinhu chisingawanzoitiki, inosvika inofungidzirwa 0.0002 chikamu nemamiriyoni epasi pasi. Kugadzirwa kwegore negore kunenge matani 30 pagore. Mazhinji acids haarwisi rhodium; iyo ine nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yakanyanyisa kupfuura platinum pamwe nekuderera kwepasi. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwe rhodium iri mumotokari yemotokari inochinja, seplatinum uye palladium.
Sezvo rhodium isingatadzi, inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwezvishongo. Inopa kubwinya kwakachena kwepamusoro kune goridhe chena kuburikidza ne electroplating. Inodzivirirawo sirivha yakaisvonaka kubva pakuchenesa.
Osmium
Wollaston naSmithson Tennant vakawana osmium muna 1803. Osmium chigadzirwa cheplatinum, nickel nemhangura ores.
Osmium inotonyanya kudarika kupfuura rhodium - chaizvoizvo iyo ndiyo yakawanda yakawanda yakasimbiswa pachigadziko chepasi uye inowanikwa zvikamu zve50 zvikamu zve trillion. Kwose osmium yekugadzira iri pasi peani imwechete pagore. Munzvimbo yayo yakachena osmium inonyanyisa tsvina, zvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi zvinoda kuibhadhara pamwe nedzimwe simbi. Osmium alloys yakaoma zvikuru. Fountain pen pen tips, pivots instrument uye magetsi anowanzoda osmium. Nokuda kwechimiro chakanyanya kufungidzirwa chemasmium, nzvimbo dzemahofisi dzakange dzine zvikepe zvakagadzirwa nezvioni zvakavharwa ne osmium.
Iridium
Smithson Tennant akawana iridium muna 1803. Iridium isiriwo nsimbi isina kuwanikwa inowanikwa pachiyero che 0.001 chikamu nemamiriyoni muhutanda hwepasi. Iridium inowanikwa nepamusoro-soro muzvikamu zvitatu zvezvivakwa zve geologic - zvisingatauri mari, zvinokonzerwa nekrisiti uye zvigadziriswa zvekare kubva kune imwe yezvivakwa zvekare. Nzvimbo huru dzepasi pose dziri muSouth Africa zvisinei, hukuru hwemhangura uye nickel zvigadzirwa zvine iridium. Gore negore iridium inoshandiswa inenge mamiriyoni matatu. Iridium inotarisirwa kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvine chokuita nemagetsi. Zvirongwa zvaro zvinosanganisirawo kugadzirwa kwezvigaro zvinotarisirwa kukura mahombekiti makuru.
Huru dzeplaski dzinewo iridium sezvinoita electrodes uye makemikari anosimbisa. An isotope ye iridium inowanzoitawo mavara emagetsi ekurapa kwekenza.
Ruthenium
Karl Ernst Klaus akawana ruthenium muna 1844. Ruthenium ndiyo yechina yakawanda yesimbi yakaiswa pasi. Iroyo inowanzoitika mune ores neimwe platinum boka resimbi muUral Mountains uye muNorth uye kuSouth America. Kuve nekugadzirwa kwegore negore kunotenderera matani gumi nemaviri eRuthhenium gore roga roga uye nzvimbo dzepasi rose dzinenge mazana mashanu ematani. Ruthenium yakaoma platinum uye palladium naizvozvo; iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwekusagadzikana kushanda magetsi. Ruthenium inewo mamwe maitiro ekurapa, simba rekushandurwa kwezuva uye kuchengetedza deta. Ruthenium inoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana uye ine zvishamiso zvinowanikwa mumagetsi ekugadzirisa maitiro, maitiro akawandisa ekugadzirisa uye kutengesa kwepamusoro-soro.
Rhodium, iridium, osmium uye ruthenium chete kushandiswa mumusika wenyama - hakusi mikana yezvibvumirano pane izvi zvigadzirwa. PGMs inonyanya kushandiswa nesimbi. Sezvo teknolojia inofambira mberi saizvozvo shanduro dzezvinhu izvi zvinoshamisa zvakasimba, zvakasimbiswa zvine zvizhinji zvakasiyana siyana. Sezvo zvikumbiro zvinokura saka zvinoda. Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa gore negore kwe iridium chete kwakakura kubva pa2,5 matani muna 2001 kusvika pa10,4 matani muna 2010. Kuwanikwa kwezvinhu izvi zvose zvinyorwa zvechokwadi kunovaisa sesimbi inokosha.