Dzidzai Zvakaitika Kubva kuHed Age Kuenda kune Electric Arc Furnaces
Kwemakore zviuru mashomanana anotevera, zvisinei, hutano hwesimbi hwakabudiswa hunoenderana nehuwandu hwemafuta huripo pane nzira dzekugadzira.
Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi17, nzvimbo yesimbi yakanyatsonzwisiswa, asi kuwedzera kwemaguta ekuEurope kwaida kuti pave nedzimwe shanduro yakasiyana-siyana.
Uye nezana remakore remakore rechi19, yakawanda yesimbi inopedzwa nokuwedzera magwagwa akapiwa metallurgist nemari yekukurudzira kuwana mhinduro yekunyora kwesimbi uye kushanda kwakakwana kwekugadzira.
Pasina mubvunzo, zvisinei, kukanganisa kukuru munhoroondo yezvemhizha kwakauya muna 1856 apo Henry Bessemer akatanga nzira inobatsira yekushandisa oxygen kuderedza carbon in iron: Nhasi mhizha yesimbi yakazvarwa.
Era yeSimbi
Pachando chakanaka kwazvo, simbi inotanga kuvhara carbon, iyo inoderedza chidimbu chechinhu chesimbi, zvichiita kuti insimbi yakasimbiswa (2.5 kusvika ku4,5% carbon). Kubudirira kwemafiriji, kutanga kushandiswa neChinese muzana remakore rechitanhatu BC asi zvakanyanya kushandiswa muEurope munguva dzeMiddle Ages, yakawedzera kugadzirwa kwesimbi yakasiyiwa.
Nguruve simbi yakaumbwa nesimbi yakanyunguduka ichibuda mumhepo inopisa uye yakanyoroveswa mumugwagwa mukuru uye inosangana nehuvhu. Ikoko huru, inoshandiswa uye inobatanidza ingots zviduku yakafanana nehoku uye inoyamwa inguruve.
Kushandira dare kwakasimba asi kunotambura nekunyora nemhaka yemakisi ayo, zvichiita kuti zvive zvishoma kudarika kushanda nekugadzira. Sezvo metallurgists vakaziva kuti kukwirira kwekodhoni mune iron kwaiva pakati pechinetso chekunyora, vakaedza nzira itsva dzekuderedza carbon content kuitira kuti iron iwedzere kushanda.
Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi18, vashandi vesimbi vakadzidza nzira yekushandura yakagadzirwa nesimbi yenguruve mumhepo yakadzika-carbon yakagadzira simbi vachishandisa zvivako zvekugadzira (yakasimbiswa naHenry Cort muna 1784). Iyo midziyo inopisa dare rakaumbwa, iyo yaifanira kusungirirwa nevashambadziri vachishandisa zvigadzirwa zvakakura , zvakafanana, zvichibvumira okisijeni kuti iyanane pamwe uye zvishoma nezvishoma kubvisa carbon.
Sezvo kabhoni inogadziriswa inoderera, huni inoputika inowedzera, saka masasa esimbi aizongopisa muvira. Aya masasa aizobviswa uye aishandiswe nechando chekugadziriswa ne puddler asati asungirirwa mumashizha kana mumigwagwa. Pakazosvika 1860, paive nezvivako zvinodarika 3000 muBrithani, asi basa racho rakaramba rakadziviswa nebasa rayo uye mafuta ekuwedzera.
Imwe yemhando yekutanga yesimbi, blister steel, yakatanga kubudiswa muGermany neEngland muzana remakore rechi17 uye yakabudiswa nekuwedzera kabhoni yakagadzirwa muhuni yehuni yakagadzirwa vachishandisa nzira inozivikanwa se cementation. Muchiitiko ichi, zvipfeko zvesimbi zvakagadzirwa zvakanyorova nemafuta eupfu mumatombo emabwe uye kupisa.
Pashure pevhiki, dare raizotora kabhoni mumarasha. Kudzokorora kwakapetwa kunoparadzira kabhesi zvakanyanya kufanana uye chigumisiro, mushure mokunge kunotonhora, chaive chine blister steel. Iyo yakakwirira yakakoni yakagadzira blister yesimbi yakawanda zvikuru kupfuura yesimbi yenguruve, ichibvumira kuti iomanikidzwe kana yakakungurutswa.
Blister simbi yekugadzirwa yakasimudzwa muma 1740s apo English Clockmaker Benjamin Huntsman paanenge achiedza kukura simbi yakaisvonaka yezvitubu zvake zveawa, akawana kuti simbi inogona kusungunuka muzvigadzirwa zvevhu uye yakanatswa neruzivo rwakakosha kubvisa slag iyo yakagadziriswa shure. Chigumisiro chacho chaiva crucecible-kana kuti yakakanda-simbi. Asi nekuda kwekudhura kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, zvose blister uye yakakanda simbi zvakangoshandiswa chete mumasaiti anokosha.
Somugumisiro, kutuka simbi yakaitwa mumidha yekambani yakaramba iine nheyo huru yekuumba muBritain munguva zhinji yezana remakore rechi19.
Bhuku reBessemer uye Mazuva Ano Kugadzira Zvinhu
Kukura kwezvitima mukati mezana remakore rechi19 muEurope neAmerica zvakakonzera kukurudzira kwemaindasitiri ematare, izvo zvakanga zvichishushikana nehuwandu hwekuita michina.
Asi simbi yakanga ichiri isina kuvharwa sechinhu chakaumbwa nesimbi uye kugadzirwa kwaikurumidza uye inodhura. Izvo zvaiva muna 1856 apo Henry Bessemer akauya nenzira inobatsira yekuisa okisijeni musimbi yakaumbwa kuitira kuti kuderedza carbon content.
Iye zvino anozivikanwa seBasesemer Process, Bessemer akagadzira chigadziko chakafanana-cheta-chinonzi 'converter'-mune imwe yimbi inogona kupisa apo oxygen inogona kuputirwa nesimbi yakaumbwa. Sezvo okisijeni yakapfuura nesimbi yakanyungudutswa, iyo yaizoita necarboni, ichibudisa carbon dioxide uye ichigadzira simbi yakachena.
Izvo zvaive zvakakurumidza uye zvisingabatsiri, kubvisa kabhoni nesilicon kubva kune imwe nhau mumaminitsi emaminetsi asi zvakapinda pakubudirira zvakanyanya. Kazhinji kabhoni yakabviswa uye oksijeni yakawanda yakaramba iri mumiti yekupedzisira. Bessemer pakupedzisira aifanira kudzorera varimi vake kusvikira awana nzira yekuwedzera kabhauni uye kubvisa oxygen isingadiwi.
Panenge panguva imwe chete, British metallurgist Robert Mushet akawana ndokutanga kuedza sendimbe yesimbi, kabhoni, uye manganese- inozivikanwa semagetsi . Manganese yaizivikanwa kubvisa oksijeni kubva kune imwe yakanyungudutswa uye carbon inogadziriswa mumapigeleisen, kana yakawedzerwa mune zvakakwana, yaizogadzirisa zvinetso zveBessemer. Bessemer akatanga kuwedzera kukutendeuka kwake nekubudirira kukuru.
Asi, imwe dambudziko rakanga richiripo. Bessemer akanga akundikana kuwana nzira yekubvisa phosphorus-kusvibiswa kwakashata kunoita kuti simbi ipfure-kubva pamagumo ake. Nokudaro, chete phosphorus-free ore kubva kuSweden neWales ingashandiswa.
Muna 1876 Welshman Sidney Gilchrist Thomas akauya nemhinduro kuburikidza nekuwedzera chemic-flux-limestone-kubasa reBessemer. Dombo rekemenje rakabvuta phosphorus kubva kune imwe yenguruve kusvika kune slag, zvichibvumira chinhu chisingadiwi kubviswa.
Izvi zvitsva zvaireva kuti, pakupedzisira, iron ore kubva kupi zvako munyika ingashandiswa kuita simbi. Hazvishamisi kuti mari yekugadzira midziyo yakatanga kuderera zvikuru. Mitengo yesimbi yesimbi yakakanda kudarika 80% kubva pakati pa1867 na1884, semugumisiro wemagetsi matsva ekugadzira mashizha, kutanga kukura kwenyika yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi.
Mutsara weKubvumira
Mumakore ekuma1860, muongorori wechiGermany Karl Wilhelm Siemens akawedzera kusimbisa kushandiswa kwesimbi kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwematanda akazaruka. Iyo mikoko yakazaruka yakabudisa simbi kubva kuneguru resimbi mumakona makuru asina kudzika.
Uchishandisa mashizha ekupisa kuti upise zvakasvibiswa kabhoni nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kuchena, urongwa hwacho hunochengetedzwa pamakamuri ematare anopisa ari pasi pedenga. Zvipfeko zvekugadzirisa zvekare zvinoshandiswa gare gare zvinopisa zvinopisa kubva muvira kuti zvichengetedze kutonhora kwakanyanya mudzimba dzezvidhina zviri pasi.
Iyi nzira yakabvumira kuti kugadzirwa kwezvizhinji zvakakura (50-100 mamita tani zvigone kubudiswa muvira romoto), kuongororwa kwenguva nenguva kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa kuitira kuti iite kuti iwane zvinoshandiswa zvakananga uye kushandiswa kwesimbi yakagadzirwa semafuta . Kunyange zvazvo chirongwa chacho pachacho chakanga chichireruka, muna 1900 maitiro akazaruka emisasa akanga akashandura zvakanyanya basa reBessemer.
Kuberekwa kweSouth Industries
Ichinoshandiswa mukugadzira michina yakagadzirwa nehupfumi, yakakwirira yezvinhu zvakagadziriswa, yakagamuchirwa nevarume vebhizimisi vazhinji vemazuva seyo mukana wekutsvaga mari. VaCentralists vekupera kwezana remakore rechi19, kusanganisira Andrew Carnegie naCharles Schwab, vakaisa mari uye vakaita mamiriyoni (mabhiriyoni munyaya yaCarnegie) mumhizha yesimbi. Carnegie's US Steel Corporation, yakatangwa muna 1901, ndiyo yekutanga yekambani yakambotanga inotarisirwa kudarika madhora mabhiriyoni maviri.
Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking
Kungotevera mushure mekutsva kwezana remakore, chimwe chiitiko chakaitika chikazova nesimba rakasimba pakushanduka kwesimbi yekugadzira. Paul Heroult's furc (electrician arc furnace) (EAF) yakagadzirirwa kupfuudza mashizha emagetsi kuburikidza nezvinhu zvinotengeswa, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kwekushisa uye kutonhora kusvika 3272 ° F (1800 ° C), zvinopfuura zvakaringana kupisa simbi.
Pakutanga yakashandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, EAFs yakakura mukushandiswa uye, neHondo Yenyika II, yakanga iri kushandiswa pakugadzira zvishandiso zvesimbi. Kubhadhara mari shoma inobatanidzwa pakugadzira mishonga ye EAF yakavabvumira kuti vadzikwike nevatengi vekuAmerica seSouth Steel Corp neBhetrehema Steel, kunyanya mumashandi ekakasi, kana zvinhu zvakawanda.
Nokuti EAFs inogona kubudisa simbi kubva kune 100% yezvimedu-kana kuti kutonhora-fodya, simba shoma pairi rimwe rekugadzira rinodiwa. Sezvo zvichipesana nemisasa ye oksijeni, maitiro anogonawo kumiswa uye anotanga neine mari shoma. Nokuda kwezvikonzero izvi, kushandiswa kuburikidza neEAFs kwave kuchiwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kwemakore anopfuura makumi mashanu uye ikozvino inofanirwa ne 33% yehuwandu hwehupfumi hwepasi rose.
Oxygen Steelmaking
Izvo zvakawanda zvepasi rose zvigadzirwa-inenge 66% -zvino yava kugadzirwa mumagetsi eokisijeni. Kuvandudzwa kwenzira yekuparadzanisa okisijeni kubva kuitrogen kune imwe nzvimbo yehurumende muma1960 yakabvumira kufambira mberi kukuru mukuvandudzika kwemajeni eokisijeni anokosha.
Masikirini echokumikisi yakakura anoputira oksijeni muhuwandu hwakawanda hwesimbi yakanyungudutswa uye yakagadzirwa nesimbi uye anogona kugumisa mutero zvakanyanya nokukurumidza kupfuura nzira dzenzira dzakazaruka. Zvikepe zvakakura zvakachengetedza kusvika mamita mazana matatu ematare ematare zvinogona kupedzisa kutendeuka kusimbi mukati peawa imwe chete.
Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemhepo yakagadzirwa neokisijeni yakaita kuti mafirati akazaruka ave asina kugadzikana uye, shure kwekuuya kwemhepo yakagadzirwa neokisijeni mumakore ekuma1960, maitiro akazaruka akavhara. Nzvimbo yekupedzisira yakazarura nzvimbo muU.S. yakavharwa muna 1992 uye muChina muna 2001.
Sources:
Spoerl, Joseph S. Nhoroondo Yepfupi yeIndaneti neChina. Saint Anselm College.
The World Steel Association. www.steeluniversity.org
Mugwagwa, Arthur. & Alexander, WO 1944. Metare muBasa reMunhu . 11th Edition (1998).