Manganese chinhu chinokosha pakugadzirwa kwesimbi . Kunyange zvazvo yakarongerwa sesimbi duku, kuwanda kwemanganese kunobudiswa munyika yose gore roga roga kunowira shure kwesimbi chete, aluminium , mhangura , uye zinc .
Properties:
- Atomic Symbol: Mn
- Atomic Number: 25
- Element Category: Transition Metal
- Kuwanda kwezvinhu: 7.21 g / cm³
- Melting Point: 2274.8 ° F (1246 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 3741.8 ° F (2061 ° C)
- Mohs Matambudziko: 6
Mamiriro:
Manganese inonyanyisa uye yakaoma, yakavhara-grey metal.
Iyo yegumi nembiri yakawanda inowanikwa pasi pano, manganese inowedzera simba, kuoma uye kupfeka kushivirira apo yakashandiswa musimbi.
Iko kukwanisa kweManganese kukanganisa pamwe nesarufa uye oksijeni, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha pakugadzirwa kwesimbi. Kuziva kweManganese kuti oxidize rubatsiro kubvisa kusvibiswa kweokisijeni, asiwo kuvandudza kushandiswa kwesimbi pamatambo akakwirira nekubatanidza nesafuri kuti iite yakakwira sulfide.
Nhoroondo:
Kushandiswa kwemajini emanganese kunosvika shure kwema17 000. Mifananidzo yekare yemapako, kusanganisira iyo iri kuLascaux France, inowana ruvara rwavo kubva kuma manganese dioxide. Manganese simbi, zvisinei, yakanga isati yakasarudzwa kusvikira muna 1774 naJohn Gottlieb Gahn, makore matatu mushure mekunge mushandi wake Carl Wilhelm Scheele akazviona sechinhu chakasiyana.
Zvichida kukura kukuru kwemanganese kwakasvika makore anenge zana gare gare apo, muna 1860, Sir Henry Bessemer, achitora mazano aRobert Forester Mushet, akawedzera ma manganese kumushonga wake wekugadzira simbi kubvisa sulfur uye oksijeni.
Yakawedzera kusagadzikana kwechigadzirwa chakapedzwa, ichichibvumira kuti chigadzirwe uye chigadzirwe pamatambo makuru.
Muna 1882, Sir Robert Hadfield akashandura manganese ne carbon carbon, achigadzira yekutanga yakagadzirwa nesimbi , iyo inozivikanwa se Hadfield steel.
Kugadzirwa:
Manganese inonyanya kubudiswa kubva kumaminerari pyrolusite (MnO 2 ), iyo, pamwero, inowedzera 50% manganese.
Kuti ishandiswe mumhizha yesimbi, manganese inoshandiswa musimbi metal alloys silicomanganese uye ferromanganese. Maererano neInternational Manganese Institute, mamiriyoni 11.7 emamiriyoni emashizha emanganese akagadzirwa muna 2009. Neizvi, silicomanganese yaive yakaita mamiriyoni manomwe emamiriyoni, uye ferromanganese yakagadzirwa nemamiriyoni mana emamiriyoni.
Ferromanganese, ine 74-82% manganese, inobudiswa uye inoshandiswa sepamusoro-carbon (> 1.5% carbon), inokonzera carbon (1.0-1.5% carbon) kana pasi carbon (<1% carbon). Zvose izvi zvitatu zvinoumbwa kuburikidza nekuputika kwema manganese dioxide, iron oxide nemarasha (coke) mumhepo kana, kazhinji, magetsi emagetsi. Iyo kupisa kukuru kunopiwa nechoto kunotungamirira kuderedza kuderedza kwezvinhu zvitatu, zvichiita kuti inzwe maruva.
Silicomanganese, iyo ine 65-68% silicon , 14-21% manganese uye inenge 2% kabhoni inotorwa kubva mu slag yakagadzirwa munguva yepamusoro yepamusoro carbon carbon ferromanganese kana zvakananga kubva kumanganese ore. Nokusvina minda ye manganese ne coke ne quartz pamatambo akakwirira, oxygen inobviswa apo quartz inoshandura ku silicon, ichisiya silicomanganese.
Electrolytic manganese, ine purity pakati pe 93-98%, inogadzirwa ne leaching manganese ore ne sulfuric acid.
Ammonia uye hydrogen sulfide zvino inoshandiswa kukonzera kusachena kusingadiwi, kusanganisira iron, aluminium, arsenic, zinc, lead , cobalt , uye molybdenum . Iyo yakagadziriswa sarudzo inobva yatengeswa mumusero we electrolytic uye kuburikidza nekugadzirisa electrowinning kunogadzira tsvina yakateteka yemanganese simbi pamucheka.
China ndiyo inokonzera mazai ehurumende yakawanda, inotora makumi maviri nezana makumi maviri nematanhatu emanganese yakavezwa minda muna 2009 uye muchero mukuru wezvinhu zvakanatswa zvema manganese (kureva ferromanganese, silicomanganese uye electrolytic manganese). Muna 2009, China yakabudisa matani mazana matanhatu nematanhatu emagetsi ema manganese, inenge 57% yehuwandu hwepasi rose, izvo zvaisanganisira 64% zvekugadzirwa kwenyika inogadzirwa ne ferromanganese uye zvinopfuura 95% zvekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emanganiese pasi rose.
Applications:
Inenge 90 muzana yemanganese yose inopedzwa gore roga roga inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwesimbi .
Chimwe chetatu chei chinoshandiswa se deulpherizer uye de-oxidizer, pamwe chete nemari yakasara inoshandiswa senhengo yevarimi.
Sources:
The International Manganese Institute. www.manganese.org
The World Steel Association. http://www.worldsteel.org
Newton, Joseph. Kutanga kweMetallurgy. Yechipiri Edition. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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