Properties
- Atomic Symbol: Pb
- Atomic Number: 82
- Atomic Misa: 207.2 amu
- Kuchengeta Point: 327.5 ° C (600.65 K, 621.5 ° F)
- Boiling Point: 1740.0 ° C (2013.15 K, 3164.0 ° F)
- Kuwandisa: 11.36 g / cm 3
Nhoroondo
VaIjipita vekare vaive ndivo vokutanga kubvisa mutungamiri, wavaiwanzoita zvidhori zviduku.
Mishonga yekufambisa yakawanikwawo muhari yeEgipita muhari. MuChina, mutungamiri wakashandiswa kuumba mari ye 2000BC.
VaGiriki ndivo vaive vokutanga kuziva mauto ekutungamirira asingagadziri uye kushandiswa kwekutungamira sechidziviriro chekudzivirira pane ngarava dzomusara (chikumbiro chinotungamirira mishonga ichiri kushandiswa kusvikira nhasi). VaRoma, nokudaro, vakatanga kutora huwandu hwekutungamirira kune hurongwa hwavo hwemvura.
Pakazosvika zana remakore rokutanga AD, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kutungamira kweRoma kunotanga kusvika mairi makumi matatu nemakumi matatu pagore. Mahwendefa emutobvu aishandiswa kuisa mabhati, asi kutungamira kwekufambisa kwakagadzirwa nekuputira mapepa emutobvu wendarira pedo neshamhu uye kusunungura mitsetse pamwe chete. Kutungamirira kupinza, iyo yakashandiswa kusvikira muzana remakore rechi20, yakabatsira kuchengetedza kurwisana nehuroti , asi zvakaguma nekupararira kwehuwandu hwehupfu hwehutu.
Pakati peMakore Agore, mutungamiri waive uchishandiswa senzvimbo yekuisa denga mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope nekuda kwekudzivisa moto.
Izvozvi, zvose Westminster Abbey uye St. Paul's Cathedral muLondon vane mapuranga anotungamirira anotora mazana emakore. Gare gare, pewter (an alloy of tin and lead) yakashandiswa kuita makgs, mahwendefa, uye micheka.
Kutevera kukura kwebhururu, hukuru hwehutungamiri hwakatorwa semhando yakakodzera yezviputi - kana kutungamira kupfura.
Kutungamira kupfura kwakatanga kubudiswa pakati pezana remakore rechi17 nekubvumira madonhwe ekutunganya emvura kuti awire mukati memvura kwaaizosimbisa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
Kugadzirwa
Inenge hafu yevatungamiri vose vanobudiswa gore roga roga inobva kuzvinhu zvakare zvakare, izvo zvinoreva kuti kutungamira kune imwe yepamusoro-shanduro yemitengo yezvinhu zvose zvinowanzoshandiswa nhasi. Muna 2008, mutambo wenyika yose wekutungamirira unopfuura mamiriyoni 8 ematoni.
Vaparidzi vakakurumbira vanotungamirirwa nemafambisi vari China, Australia, neU.SA, asi vaparidzi vepamusoro ekudzokorora zvakare ndivo USA, China, uye Germany. China chete inosvika makumi matanhatu kubva muzana yezvose zvinotungamirirwa.
Iyo inonyanya kukosha inotungamira ore inonzi galena. Galena ine lead sulfide (PbS), uyewo zinc uye sirivha, iyo yose inogona kubudiswa uye kucheneswa kubudisa simbi yakachena. Mamwe maori anowedzerwa mumutobvu anosanganisira anglesite uye cerussite.
Chikamu chikuru (chinenge 90 kubva muzana) chekutungamira kwose chinoshandiswa mukutungamirira-asidi mabhatiri, mapepa ekufambisa uye mamwe mabasa esimbi anokwanisa kushandiswa zvakare. Somugumisiro, anenge mamiriyoni mashanu ematoni ekutungamirira (kana 60 muzana yezvose zvakagadzirwa) akabudiswa kubva kunezve zvinhu zvakare zvakare muna 2009.
Applications
Basa guru rekutungamirira rinoenderera mberi riri mukutungamirira-asidi mabhatiri, iyo inowedzera anenge 80 muzana yekushandiswa kwesimbi.
Kutungamirira mabhatiriyiti asiri yakakodzera kumarudzi ose emotokari nekuda kwesimba ravo guru-kusvika-kuyerwa, iro rinovabvumira kuti vape mvura yakakwirira yepamusoro inotarisirwa ne motokari inotanga motors.
Kufambira mberi mukutungamirira-asiri bhetri kusununguka / kutengesa mitambo yakaitawo kuti zvive nyore semasero ekuchengetedza magetsi pane zviteshi zvemasimba epasi pakarepo kune zvipatara uye makombiyuta, pamwe chete nehurongwa hwehutu. Inoshandiswawo sekuchengetedza masero ekugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa simba, zvakadai semhepo inopisa nemhepo masero.
Kunyange zvazvo kutungamirirwa kwakachena kunoshanda zvikuru, zvinotungamirira zvinokonzera, zvakadai sekutungamirira oksidi, zvinogona kunge zvakanyatsogadzikana, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha sezvivako muhutu husingawirirani hunoti hwesimbi nesimbi. Mipfeko inoshandiswa inoshandiswa kudzivirira ngarava, asi mhepo inotungamidza uye sheathings inoshandiswa kudzivirira simba remvura pasi pemvura.
Kutora zvinyorwa zvichiri kushandiswa mune dzimwe zvimiti uye, zvichibva panzvimbo yemhepo yakadzika, muvatengesi vesimbi. Kutakura girazi rine zvikumbiro zvakakosha mumakirisi emakamera uye zvigadzirwa zve optical, asi kristini inotungamirira, iyo inosvika kusvika 36 muzana mutungamiri, inoshandiswa kugadzira zvipfeko zvekushongedza. Zvimwe zvinotungamirira zvinoshandiswa zvichiri kushandiswa mune dzimwe mifananidzo yepende, pamwe chete nemitambo uye zvishandiso zvemoto.
Lead Poisoning
Kwemakore makumi mana apfuura, kuwedzera kukuru pamusoro pemigumisiro yakaipa yehutano hwekutungamirira kwakaguma munyika dzakawanda dzichirambidza dzakawanda zvekutakura michina. Mafuta anotungamirirwa, ayo aishandiswa zvikuru kwezana remakore rechi20, zvino rakarambidzwa munyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira. Izvo zvinorambidzwa zvinoshandiswa pamapuranga anotungamira mavara, zvinotungamirira hove, uye kutungamirira piping.
References:
Mugwagwa, Arthur. & Alexander, WO 1944. Metare muBasa reMunhu . 11th Edition (1998).
Watts, Susan. 2002. Kutungamira . Benchmark Books.