Kwemazana makumi emakore, kutengeserana kwekutengeserana kweitamu kunotsigirwa pamaminerari emitambo yakadai sepodumene, petalite, uye lepidolite. Zvisinei, kubvisa lithium kubva mumvura yakadaro kunonyanya kukosha kupfuura kubvisa simbi kubva ku lithiamu-ine mabhuru. Zvechokwadi, mari yekubvisa lithiamu kubva padombo rakaenzana inofungidzirwa kuva yepamusoro yekubudisa kubva kumabhanhire, kutsanangura kuti nei mabhuku akawanda akadaro akave akatengeswa kubva mumusika kubva kumavambo ekuma 2000.
Salar brines inogona kurondedzerwa sezvivako zvepasi pasi zvinenge zvakanyanya kuwanda kwemaswa akaparara, akadai se lithiamu, potassium, uye sodium. Izvi zvinowanzowanikwa pasi pepamusoro pemvura yakaoma yakasvibiswa, inozivikanwa sezvipfeko.
Lithium inoshandiswa kubva pakusuruvara, spodumene, uye ivhu.
Kubva Kubva Brine
Kuti ibudise lithiamu kubva kune marines, mvura yakawanda yemunyu inofanira kutanga inoputirwa kusvika kumusoro kusvika mumakungwa emadziva emvura apo inonzi solar evaporation inowanikwa kwemwedzi inoverengeka. Nemhaka yokuti maruva emvura anowanzoitika munzvimbo dzakakwirira-uye munzvimbo dzisina mvura-solar evaporation inzira yakanaka uye inoshandisika yekugadzirisa munyu.
Potassium inowanzotangwa kubva pamadziva ekutanga, asi padziva padziva pari kuwedzera kukura kweiyo lithium. Economical lithium-source brines inowanzova chero ipi zvayo kubva kumazana mashoma mamiriyoni nemamiriyoni e lithiamu kusvika ku7000 ppm.
Apo iyo lithium chloride iri mumadziva emvura inosvika pakugadzirisa zvakanyanya, mhinduro yacho inoputirwa kunzvimbo yekutsvaira iyo kubudiswa uye kuchenesa kunobvisa chero boron kana kuti magnesium isingadiwi. Iko zvino inobatwa ne sodium carbonate (soda ash), nokudaro inogadzirisa lithium carbonate. Iyo lithiamu carbonate inonyowa, yakaomeswa, uye yakagadzirira kuendeswa.
Zvakawanda zvakasara zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa zvakare mumarara.
Lithium carbonate isimbi yakasviba poda, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa mumusika weitamuum nokuti inogona kushandurwa kuva mahwanda emashonga emakemikari nemakemikari, kana kuti inoshandiswa mu lithiamu metal.
Kubva Kubva kuSpodumene
Kusiyana neaar brine zvitubu, kubudiswa kwe lithiamu kubva kune spodumene nemamwe emaminera kunoda mazana akawanda e hydrometallurgical process.
Galaxy Resources, iyo mines spodumene inofamba muAustralia, somuenzaniso, inotanga kupwanya uye inopisa mafuta munharaunda inotora calcining kuitira kuti ichinje lithium crystal phase kubva ku alpha kusvika beta (inonzi inonzi kuderera ). Izvi zvinobvumira kuti lithiamu iripo munharaunda inofanira kusunungurwa ne sodium. Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa ne-spodumene concentrate yakanatswa uye yakasungirirwa muupfu hwakanaka isati yasanganiswa ne sulpheric acid uye yakabikwa zvakare. A thickening-filter system zvino inoparadzanisa tsvina kubva kune yakanyanyisa kunwa, asi mvura inonaya inobvisa magnesium uye calcium kubva pane iri sarudzo.
Pakupedzisira, soda ash inowedzerwa uye lithiamu carbonate inokonzerwa, inopisa, yakasvibiswa uye yakaomeswa se 99% pure lithium carbonate.
Kuchengeta Kubva Clay
Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakakwanisa kubudisa lithiamu kubva kune ivhu.
Chisarudzo chekutsvaga kutevera chinoenderana nemhando yezvimwe zvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvinofungidzirwa. Kunyange zvazvo mazhinji emiti inonzi lithium extraction yakashandiswa, yakawanda yezvinoitika zvirongwa zvakagadzirirwa pegmatite michina uye inogona kunge isinganyatsogoni kubvisa lithiamu kubva kune ivhu rekudya. Bhizinesi reMines zvidzidzo zvakatsvaga lime-gypsum roast uye chloride roast ye lithiamuum extraction kubva kune spodumene uye amblygonite.
Nzira dzekutsvaga kubvisa lithiamu kubva kune ivhu dzinosanganisira mvura inoparadzanisa, hydrothermal treatment, acid leaching, acid baking-water leaching, alkaline kunyorera-water leaching, sulphate roasting-water leaching, chloride kunyorera-water leaching, uye-reagent yekucheka-mvura leaching . Zvisinei, pasinei nekuedzwa, ivhu harisati raonekwa kuti rinodhura uye rinenge risina kuitwa mutengesi.
Pakupedzisira, kubvisa lithium kubva kumabhanhire isingadhuri asi inononoka, spodumene inodhura asi inokurumidza, uye ivhu harisati raonekwa mune zvekutengeswa. Izvo zvinokanganisa itsva lithiamuum extraction technologies iri kutariswa (kusanganisira leaching, kugoverwa kwevhutheni, kuwedzera kwegorosi, uye electrolysis) asi izvo zvitsva hazvinyanyi kushandiswa kushandiswa mune zvekutengeserana.
Kutenderera Lithium MuChechi
Kushandura lithiamu musimbi kunogadzirwa musero re electrolytic uchishandisa lithium chloride.
Iyo chloride inosanganiswa ne potassium chloride muchiyero che 55 muzana lithiamu chloride kusvika 45 muzana potassium chloride kuitira kuti igadzire eutectic electrolyte yakanyungudutswa. Potassium chloride inowedzera kuwedzera conductivity ye lithiamu asi ichideredza kutsetseka kwemafusion.
Kana ikasvibiswa uye yakasarudzwa pamasita 450 ° C, klorini gasi inosunungurwa, nepo litium yakanyunguduka inokwira kumusoro kwe electrolyte, inounganidza mumatanda- masvingo ematare . Iyo yakachena yakabudiswa yakaputirwa muparafini yakakonzera kuti ivhuidzwe. Iyo kutendeuka kwenhamba ye lithiamu carbonate kune lithium metal inenge inenge 5.3 kusvika 1.
Global Lithium Production
Kunyange zvazvo Chile neAustralia ndiyo inotyisa zvikuru yenyika, US, Argentina, uye Chinawo ndivo vanogadzira zvikuru. Misika ye lithiamu yakazara zvikuru nemakambani mana: Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile (Chile), Talison (Australia), Chemetall (Germany), uye FMC (US). Lithium carbonate inowanzotengeswa pamatatu matatu kusvika mashanu emakore mikonti kubva kuvarimi kunatsiridza, kusanganisira iyo yakanyorwa pamusoro apa, iyo inobereka uye inotengesa mumakemikari nemitambo yeitamu.
Muna 2017, iyo (yakapoteredzwa) munyika yose yekutengesa kweLithium (kunze kwekubudisa US) yakasvika mazana makumi matatu ematriconi.