A kutarisa semi-metal boron
Boron iyi yakaoma zvikuru uye inopisa isingaiti semiti-metal inogona kuwanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye inowanzoshandiswa mumakemikari kuita zvinhu zvose kubva kumaropa uye girasi kune semiconductors uye zvekurima fertilizer.
Zvinhu zve boron ndezvi:
- Atomic Symbol: B
- Atomic Number: 5
- Element Category: Metalloid
- Kuwandisa: 2.08g / cm3
- Melting Point: 3769 F (2076 C)
- Boiling Point: 7101 F (3927 C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: ~ 9.5
Zviratidzo zveBoron
Elemental boron is allotropic semi-metal, zvinoreva kuti icho icho pachacho chinogona kuvapo nenzira dzakasiyana, imwe neimwe ine muviri wayo uye makemikari zvinhu. Uyewo, semamwe mashizha (kana metalloids), mamwe emhando ye boroni ane masimbi muzvisikwa asi dzimwe dzakafanana zvikuru nedzimwe dzisiri dzesimbi.
Kukwirira kwakachena kwebhononi kune kana seamorphous yakaita tsvuku kusvika pfumbi yakasviba kana kuti rima, rinopenya, uye rakanyora chestalline metal.
Kunyanya kuoma uye kusingapisa kupisa, boron mutori anoshaya magetsi pamatambo akadzikisa, asi izvi zvinoshanduka sezvo kutonhora kuchikwira. Kunyange zvazvo crystalline boron yakasimba chaizvo uye isingashanduki neacids, inoratidzira iyo inorphous inononoka inogadzirisa mumhepo uye inogona kuita zvechisimba mu acid.
Muchikristinine fomu, boron ndiyo yechipiri yakaoma zvikuru yezvinhu zvose (shure kwega chete kabhoni mumadhimoni ayo) uye ine imwe yezvinyoro zvinotonhora zvakanyanya. Saizvozvowo nebheghoni, iyo vatsvakurudzi vekare vanowanzoshandura chinhu, boron maitiro akachengetedzana akabatanidzwa zvisungo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuparadzanisa.
Element nhamba yechishanu inewo kukwanisa kuunganidza nhamba huru yetiketoni, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chakanakisisa chekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya.
Tsvakurudzo ichangobva kuitika yakaratidza kuti kana huru-yakanyorova, boron maitiro asi yakasiyana zvakasiyana neatomic yakarongeka iyo inobvumira kuita se superconductor.
Nhoroondo yeBoron
Kunyange zvazvo kuwanikwa kweBonon kunonzi kune vose veFrench neChirungu vemakemikari vachitsvakurudza mabhedheni e-borate mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mufananidzo wakachena weiyo haina kubudiswa kusvika 1909.
Maminerari eBoron (anowanzonzi borates), zvisinei, akanga atoshandiswa nevanhu kwemazana emakore. Kutanga kokutanga kushandiswa kweaxxx (inowanzoitika sodium borate) yaiva nevaArabia vegoridhe vegoridhe vakashandisa chigadziro sekushambadzira kwegoridhe nesirivha muzana remakore re8 AD
Glazes pamusoro peChinese ceramiki kubva pakati pezana remakore rechitatu neregumi nematanhatu AD rakaratidzwawo kuti rinoshandiswa kwechimiro chinowanzoitika.
Maitiro Emazuva Ano eBoron
Kubudiswa kwegirazi yakagadzirwa ne thermally stable borosilicate kumapeto kwema 1800 kwakapa chitubu chitsva chekudiwa kwemaminerari e borate. Kuita shanduro iyi, Corning Glass Works yakabudisa Pyrex glass glass cookware muna 1915.
Mumakore emashure emashure, hondo dzebhononi dzakakura dzikabatanidza huwandu hwehuwandu hwemabhizimisi. Boron nitride yakatanga kushandiswa muzvipfeko zveJapan, uye muna 1951, nzira yekugadzirwa kwebhononi yakagadzirwa. Yenyu yekutanga yenyukireya, iyo yakauya pa-line panguva iyi, yakashandiswawo nebheon mukutonga kwavo.
Mune imwe nguva inotevera mushure mekuitika kwenjodzi yenyukireya yeChernobyl muna 1986, matani makumi mana emakemikari boron akadonhedzwa pamubhedha kuitira kuti abatsire kudzora radionuclide release.
Mukutanga kwema1980, kukurudzirwa kwe-high-simba zvisingaperi zvisingaverengeki magasi magetsi zvakagadzira zvakare mutsva mukuru mutsva wezvinhu.
Inopfuura makumi manomwe ematric tonnes e-neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magetsi anobudiswa gore roga roga kuti ashandiswe mune zvose kubvira motokari dzemagetsi kusvika kumakutufoni.
Mukupera kwema1990, boron iron yakatanga kushandiswa mumotokari kusimbisa masangano, zvakadai sekuchengetedzwa kwemagariro.
Kugadzirwa kweBoron
Kunyange zvazvo marudzi anopfuura makumi maviri eine mabhedha e-borate aripo panyika, iyo nhoroondo mana chete inopfuura 90 muzana yezvokutengeserana kwebhanoni nemakironi: tincal, kernite, colemanite, uye ulexite.
Kuti ibudise chimiro chakachena che boron powder, boron oxide iyo iripo mumumiti inopisa ne magnesium kana aluminium flux. Kuderedza kunobereka elemental boron powder iyo inenge 92 muzana yakachena.
Boron yakachena inogona kubudiswa nekuwedzera kuderedza boron halides nehydrogen pamazhizha anopfuura 1500 C (2732 F).
High-purity boron, inoda kuti ishandiswe semiconductors, inogona kuitwa nekudzikisa diborane pamatambo makuru uye kukura makristasi asina kukwana kuburikidza nekukanganiswa kwenzvimbo kana nzira yeCzolchralski.
Applications Boron
Kunyange zvazvo mamiriyoni matanhatu ematanhatu emamaminari e boroni ane minerals gore negore, huwandu hwehwu hunopedzwa se borate salts, zvakadai se boric acid uye boron oxide, uye zvishoma zvichishandurwa ku elemental boron. Ichokwadi, inenge gumi nematanhatu ematric tonal elemental boron inopedzwa gore negore.
Uwandu hwekushandiswa kwemakemikari e boron uye boron yakazara kwazvo. Vamwe vanofungidzira kuti kune mazana matatu ekupedzisira-kushandiswa kwechinhu muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Mishandisirwo shishanu huru ndeyokuti:
- Girazi (semuenzaniso, girasi yakasimba ye borosilicate)
- Zviramikisi (semuenzaniso, tile yakaiswa)
- Zvekurima (semuenzaniso, boric acid mumvura inoshandiswa mvura).
- Detergents (semuenzaniso, sodium perborate mune yekuchenesa)
- Bleaches (semuenzaniso, mhuka dzinoshandiswa pamba uye pamagetsi)
Boron Metallurgical Applications
Kunyange zvazvo boron yesimbi inoshandiswa zvishomanana, iyo chinhu inonyanya kukoshesa mune dzakawanda metallurgical applications. Nokubvisa kabhoni nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kuchena sezvazviri kusungirirwa nesimbi, zvishoma zvishoma zvebhononi-zvikamu zvishomanana chete pamamiriyoni-akawedzerwa kusimbi zvinogona kuita kuti zvive zvina zvakasimba kudarika mashizha akareba-simba resimbi.
Kukwanisa kwechokutanga kuputsa uye kubvisa simbi yemafirimu inoita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakuchengetedza mafashoni. Boron trichloride inobvisa nitrides, carbides, uye oxide kubva munsimbi yakaumbwa. Somugumisiro, boron trichloride inoshandiswa pakugadzira aluminium, magnesium, zinc uye sharo alloys.
Mune metallurgy yeupfu, kuvapo kwesimbi yesimbi kunowedzera conductivity uye magetsi masimba. Mune michero yakawanda, hupenyu hwavo hunowedzera kukurumidza kurwisa uye kuoma, asi muataniti zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa mumapfigiro ejet uye zvikamu zvinokonzera zvinokonzera kuwedzera magetsi masimba.
Bhuononi yeBoron, iyo inogadzirwa nokuisa chinhu che hydride pamatafura eTungsten, yakasimba, yakagadziriswa michina yakafanirwa kushandiswa mu-aerospace applications, pamwe chete nemakwikwi egorofu uye tape-tensile tepi.
Kuiswa kwe boron muNyFeB magnet kunokosha kumabasa e-high-power magetsi anosingaperi anoshandiswa mumagetsi emhepo, motors emagetsi, uye zvakasiyana siyana zvemagetsi.
Kurongedza kweBoron kune neutron kuibvumira kunobvumira kuti ishandiswe muzvombo zvenyukireya, mazhenje, uye neutron detectors.
Pakupedzisira, boron carbide, yechitatu-yakaoma kwazvo inonyatsozivikanwa, inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvombo zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvipfeko zvebhuruti uye mabrasives uye zvipfeko zvekupfeka.
Sources:
Chemicool. Boron
URL: http://www.chemicool.com/elements/boron.html
USGS. Minerals Information. Boron
URL: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/boron/