Kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yemagetsi yemaiti yezvikepe zvinokonzera zvikepe uye kubva kumasero e photovoltaic kusvika kune saxophones, mhangura , uye zvinyorwa zvayo zvinoshandiswa mune zvakawanda-zvekushandisa-kuguma.
Kutaura zvazviri, kushandiswa kwesimbi mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakambani emakambani kwakaguma mune hutano hwekutsvaga huri kutendeukira kumatanda emhangura sechiratidzo chehutano hwehupfumi, zvichiita kuti moniker 'Dr. Copper '.
Kuti zvive nani kunzwisisa misangano yakasiyana-siyana yemhangura, Copper Development Association (CDA) yakarongedza mumagetsi mana ekushandisa: magetsi, kuvaka, kutakura, nezvimwe.
Iko yehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemhangura pasi rose inoshandiswa nechikamu chimwe nechimwe inofungidzirwa neCDA kuva:
- Electrical 65%
- Kuvaka 25%
- Kutakura 7%
- Zvimwe 3%
Electrical:
Kunze kubva kune sirivha, mhangura ndiyo inonyatsoshanda mutori wemagetsi . Izvi, zvinosanganiswa nehuori hwekudzivirira, ductility , kusagadzikana , uye kukwanisa kushanda mukati mehutano hwakawanda hwemasimba, inoita simbi yakakosha yegetsi wiring.
Zvinenge zvose magetsi weshaya, chengetedza mitsetse yepamusoro yepamusoro (iyo inogadzirwa kubva kune imwe aluminium lightweight) inoumbwa nemhangura.
Busbars, vatungamiri vanogovera simba, vashanduri, uye motokari dzemhepo zvinotarisanawo nemutambo wekutsika. Nokuda kwekubudirira kwayo semutungamiri wemagetsi, mhangura yevashandi inogona kusvika kusvika 99.75 muzana inoshanda.
Mishonga yemagetsi, kusanganisira teknolojia yekombiyuta, terevhizheni, mafoni efoni uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandiswa, zviri mumakumi emakore achangopfuura zvinova mutengi mukuru wemhangura.
Pakati pezvigadzirwa izvi, mhangura inokosha pakugadzirwa kwe:
- Electronic connectors
- Dunhu rekufambisa uye vanobatana
- Akadhindwa mapurisa edunhu
- Micro-chips
- Semi-conductors
- Magnetrons mu microwaves
- Electromagnets
- Bvisa tubes
- Commutators
- Welding electrodes
- Moto sprinkler systems
- Kuchena kunonyura
Imwe mabhizimisi inonyanya kuvimba necho chinhu chirikutengesa.
Nhengo dzakagadziriswa dzemhangura dzematare dzinoshandiswa muDADSL uye HDSL wiring kune nzvimbo dzenharaunda yenzvimbo (LAN) mitsara yeInternet. Mitsetse isina kusimbiswa (twist) (UTP) ine matireji masere ane mavara-mavara, ayo akavakwa nemaviri mana ematare akapfava emhangura. Uye pasinei nekuwedzera kweterevhizheni, zvigadzirwa zvemashandisi zvakadai se modems uye routers zvinoramba zvichivimba nemhangura.
Sangano rezvekugadziriswa kwemagetsi rakabatsirwawo nemaketeni ekutengesa zvinhu. Nheyo yesimbi inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemhangura-indium- gallium -selenide (CIGS) photovoltaic masero nemhepo inoputika. Mhepo imwe chete inoputika, somuenzaniso, inogona kuva ne 1 metric ton (MT) yesimbi. Kunze kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, mhangura inosanganisirawo motori uye maitiro ekuparadzira anowanikwa neimwe nzira yekugadzira magetsi.
Kuvakwa:
Copper tubing iye zvino ndiyo yakagadzirwa nemvura yakachena uye inotonhorera munyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira. Izvi zviri chikamu pamusana pemaitiro ayo eacteriostatic, kana mune mamwe manzwi kukwanisa kwemhangura kuvhara kukura kwebhakitiriya uye zvirwere zvehutachiwana mumvura.
Zvimwe zvikomborero zvemhangura seyakatakura zvinhu zvinosanganisira kusvibiswa uye kushandiswa kwevhu - zvinogona nyore nyore kuunganidzwa uye pamwe - pamwe chete nekupikisa kunopisa kwekushisa.
Mhangura uye zvinyorwa zvayo zvinonzi zvakagadzikana uye kusagadzikana kwehutu, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakutakura mvura yakachena chete asiwo kushandiswa mumvura yemunyu uye munzvimbo dzakashambadzirwa. Mimwe mienzaniso yezvinyorwa zvakadaro inosanganisira:
- Kuchenesa kushandura tubhu dzevanokonzera mhepo mumagetsi emagetsi uye makemikari
- Ukudiridza nekurimwa kwenyoka
- Kupopotera pamiti yakasvibisa mbeu
- Mvura yakadzika yegungwa
- Simbi yemapumpu ye drill mvura
- Mabhute ekugoverwa kwezvakasikwa uye equefied petroleum
- Fuel gas distribution distribution
Kwemakore emakore, mhangura yakashandiswawo sechinhu chakagadzirwa nesimbi. Mimwe mienzaniso yakare yekushandiswa kwemhangura sechinhu chinoyevedza, chimiro chesimbi chinosanganisira mikova yePrecinct yaAmun-Re kuKarnak, muEgypt, iyo yakadzoka makore 3000-4000, uye denga rembiru reSir Lanka rakasvika mamita 162 murefu Loha Maha Paya temberi, yakavakwa muzana remakore rechitatu BC
Mhangura yakachena inoshongedza imba uye tsvina dzekereke dzakawanda dzemazana emakore uye makedhedrals, uye mune dzimwe nguva dzemazuva ano dzakashandiswa pazvivako zvehurumende, zvakadai sezvivako zveparamende zveCanada, uye dzimba dzekugara, kusanganisira dzakawanda zvakagadzirwa naFrank Lloyd-Wright.
Chimwe chikonzero chekushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemhangura sechinhu chokuvaka ndechekugadzirwa kwechimiro chechivara chemavara chinotaridzika-chinonzi patina-chinokonzerwa nekunyorova uye kusvibiswa kwemhangura. Kunze kwechitarisiko chaicho chinofadza, vavakadzi uye vanogadzira vanosarudza iyo simbi nokuti inorema, inogara kwenguva refu, isingagadziki uye ine nyore kujoina.
Iko hardware yekashongo yekugadzira uye yakagadzirwa, zvisinei, haisi kuongororwa kwekushandisa kwekunze. Vashandi vomukati vanowanzoshandisa simbi uye zvinyorwa zvaro, ndarira, uye ndarira kune zvigadzirwa zvakadai se:
- Handles
- Door knobs
- Locks
- Tables
- Chiedza chekuvhenekera uye zvigaro zvekugezera
- Mabhuti
- Hinges
Zvipatara uye zvipatara, kunyanya, kukoshesa mhangura nokuda kwebhakteriostatic properties, iyo yakaguma nekushandiswa kwayo kukura sechikamu chezvinhu zvemukati, zvakadai semafuta uye masuo emasuo, mune zvivakwa zvezvokurapa.
Kutakurwa:
Zvimwe zvikamu zveplanesheni, zvitima, motokari, uye zvikepe zvose zvinotarisana nemagetsi uye zvinopisa zvemhangura. Mumotokari, mhangura uye nendarira radiator uye mafuta mafiriji ave ari maitiro emabhizimisi kubvira kuma1970. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kushandiswa kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu zvemagetsi, kusanganisira pa-board navigation systems, anti-lock braking systems, uye zvigaro zvakatsva, zvakaramba zvichiwedzera kudiwa kwesimbi kubva kune ino.
Mimwe yemhangura ine motokari inosanganisira:
- Wiring yegorosi defrost systems
- Fittings, fasteners, uye zvigadzirwa zvendarira
- Hydraulic lines
- Bronze sleeve bearings
- Wiring for window uye mirror controls
Kukura kwekuda kwemotokari yakasvibiswa uye yemagetsi kuchawedzera huwandu hwehuwandu hwemhangura yekushandisa. Pakati pavheji, motokari dzemotokari dzinenge 55lbs (25kgs) yemhangura.
Mashizha emagetsi nemakemikari anoshandiswa mune zvose nickel- metal hydride uye mabhatiri e-lithium-ion anosimudzira motokari dzinobudirira, apo hutu hwakagadzirwa nemhangura hunoshandiswa seimwe nzira isingawaniki pasi magnet motors.
Nzira dzepamusoro-dzemotokari dzinogona kushandisa kusvika kusvika 10MT yemhangura pamakiromita emugwagwa asi magetsi ane simba ane 8MT yesimbi .
Pamberi dzemafaira ekutambisa matamende nemaatrol akafanana neaya anoshandiswa muSan Francisco neVienna anoshandiswa achishandisa mhangura-sirivha kana mhangura-cadmium alloys.
Zvikamu zviviri kubva muzana zvehutoro hwemhepo inogona kuonekwa nemhangura, iyo inosanganisira yakareba makiromita 190 kubva wiring.
Nemhaka yekuramba kwavo kwakasimba kumvura yemunyu inopisa manganese - uye nickel-aluminium bronzes inoshandiswa kukanda zvikepe zvinogona kuyera kusvika kune matani akawanda. Zvipfeko zvekutakura, kusanganisira mabhazi, kusungira, mapampu, nemagetsi, zvinoshandiswawo nealloys yakafanana.
Zvimwe:
Iro runyoro rwemashandiro emhangura anoenderera mberi-uye-pamusoro. Zvimwe zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvinosanganisira:
Cookware neArmal Applications : Copper's thermal properties inoita kuti zvive zvakakosha nokuda kwekubika, zvakadai sehari uye mapani, pamwe chete nemakamuri emhepo, sinks heat, calorifiers yekuchenesa mvura uye firiji.
Mavharo uye maziso : Nemhaka yekuti haina maginiti yemhangura haina kupindira nekushanda kwemajaya maduku. Somugumisiro, vataridzi vekucherechedza nevashandi veawa vanoshandisa midziyo yemhangura nemagetsi mukugadzirwa kwenguva.
Yaka : Copper uye zvinyorwa zvayo zvinowanzoonekwa mumabasa ekugadzira, zvichida zvakakurumbira kune iyo yeSitatimende reRuberty. Chifananidzo chacho chakanga chakazara nematani anopfuura makumi matatu emhangura, yakabatanidzwa nemapuranga gumi nemakumi mashanu emhangura uye mazana matatu emakwikwi emhangura, izvo zvinoita kuti ruvara rwetabina rwuri ruvara.
Mariro : Kusvikira 1981, chidimbu che-United cent-cent-kana peneni-chakanyatsogadzirwa nemhangura (95 muzana), asi kubva panguva iyoyo yakagadzirwa sezinc- yakapetwa zinc (0.8-2.5 muzana yemhangura).
Musical Instruments : Chii chingaita bhandi chendarira pasina mhangura? Brass inoshandiswa kubudisa hwamanda, hwamanda, trombones, uye saxophones nekuda kwekudzivirira kurara uye anti-bhakitiriya yemhangura.
Sources: European Copper Institute. Applications. (http://www.eurocopper.org/copper/index.html) Copper Development Association Inc. Zvichemo (http://www.copper.org/applications/homepage.html)